Child sexual abuse in Leeds before and after Cleveland

We report a retrospective cohort study in which clinical and outcome features of 237 cases of child sexual abuse diagnosed by Leeds paediatricians after Cleveland in 1989 were compared with previously published characteristics of 337 children diagnosed by the same paediatricians before Cleveland in 1985 and 1986. Clinical and diagnostic features also were analysed in two subgroups of the 1989 cohort, those for whom there was no case conference and those in whom further abuse was detected at follow-up examination. The number of cases diagnosed annually remained high, and source of referrals and age and sex distribution were similar. Most suspected perpetrators were from within the home in both cohorts. Some clinical features of the 1989 cohort suggested more physically severe abuse. In 1989 fewer children were registered as sexually abused, or were taken into care, and fewer suspected perpetrators were convicted. From the 1989 cohort those children for whom there was no case conference tended to be older, to disclose and were abused less severely by someone outside their home as compared to those for whom a case conference was held. The children in whom further abuse was detected tended to be younger, to not disclose. to be more severely abused by a perpetrator within the home and to be taken into care as compared to those in whom further abuse was not detected. One or more case conferences were held for nearly all of the children in whom further abuse was detected. For most of the 1989 children no evidence was found indicating receipt of mental health services from other than the key social worker. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of professional and public knowledge and attitudes regarding children's and parental rights and family preservation.     

知情同意原则和医务人员的素质

从知情同意的兴起、发展和现状可以看出:知情同意作为规范医患关系的一项伦理道德原则,对医务人员提出越来越高的素质要求。试图探讨医务人员应具备的基本素质,以便更好地贯彻实施知情同意,减少医患纠纷。     

Assessing reporting patterns of child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church using discontinuities in model parameter timeseries

Prior to 2002, little was known about sexual abuse within the Catholic Church. After the Boston Globe broke the story about John Geoghan - a priest in the Boston Archdiocese who was accused of abusing numerous children, convicted of one count of indecent assault, and eventually murdered in prison - the Church had many questions to answer. To this end, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) commissioned John Jay College of Criminal Justice to research the nature and scope, as well as the causes and context of child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church.This research analyzes the data from the John Jay studies using a new quantitative technique, capable of adjusting for distortions introduced by delays in abuse reporting. By isolating discontinuities in model parameter timeseries, we determine changes in reporting patterns occurred during the period 1982-1988. A posteriori to the analysis, we provide some possible explanations for the changes in abuse reporting associated with the change-point. While the scope of this paper is limited to presenting a new methodological approach within the frame of a particular case study, the techniques are more broadly applicable in settings where reporting lag is manifested.     

当代中国影视中的女性形象之嬗变

当代中国影视剧中的女性形象经历了半个多世纪的嬗变,从最初符合时代政治要求的"理想女性"逐渐转变为女性主体意识觉醒后的"女性理想"的追求者,而在社会发展、电视等传播技术普及之后,又逐渐"退化"为符合男性审美期待和心理期望的新一类"理想女性"。这种与社会进步同时出现的女性形象的"反动"值得进一步研究。即便是专门由女性编导为女性观众创作的女性题材电视剧和电影,也在一定程度上与社会主流男权话语中的女性形象妥协。而塑造健康而富有时代感的女性形象,必须认识到健全的男性和女性形象都应该兼备"双性"的性格特征。     

知情同意——病人的权利与立法——兼谈对《执业医师法》第26、37条的修改

目的探讨我国病人的知情同意权立法状况.方法分析了病人知情同意权的内涵、性质、行使形式.结果我国病人的知情同意权尚未得到有效的法律保护.结论建议修订<执业医师法>,加快制定包括知情同意权在内的病人权利法,以最大限度地保障病人的权利.     

同意的困境——基于以同意理论证成政府家长式干预的视角

在自由主义语境中,对政府家长式干预行为可行性的分析诉诸于对个人意愿真实性的探求,而同意理论作为个人意愿的有效表达方式成为家长主义和反家长主义者论辩的重点。但是,由于同意本身所具有的局限性,使得通过诉诸于个人意愿的方式证成政府家长式干预行为的路径遭遇了不可避免的困境。     

同意的概念及其政治意蕴

在解释公民与国家的新型关系时,由于存在历史事实上的困难,诉诸“明确的同意”（overt consent）显然不那么成功,诉诸“默示的同意”（implied consent）似乎更合理。然而,问题在于,按照后者,要保证同意的效力,就必须以“自愿性”或者“意图性”为必要条件,可现实的情况却未必都是如此的,因为人们对政府的行为予以默认的理由有时是非常“工具性”的。      

How do sexual harassment policies shape gender beliefs? An exploration of the moderating effects of norm adherence and gender

Sexual harassment laws have led to important organizational changes in the workplace yet research continues to document resistance to their implementation and backlash against the people who mobilize such laws. Employing experimental research methods, this study proposes and tests a theory specifying the mechanisms through which sexual harassment policies affect gender beliefs. The findings show evidence that sexual harassment policies strengthen unequal gender beliefs among men and women most committed to traditional gender interaction norms. I also find that men and women’s different structural locations in the status hierarchy lead to different, but related sets of concerns about the status threats posed by sexual harassment policies. By specifying the social psychological processes through which sexual harassment law affects beliefs about men and women, this study sets the stage for investigating ways to make laws designed to reduce inequality between social groups more effective.     

癌症基因组研究信息披露的伦理探讨

癌症基因组计划是当前研究热点,存在诸多伦理、法律及社会问题,如何有效地保障基因组研究参与者的知情同意是值得关注的内容。信息披露(disclosure)作为知情同意的第一要素具备深厚的伦理基础,然而与传统医学研究相比,癌症基因组研究由于其目的与内容的特殊性,研究中信息披露的内容和标准尚存在诸多伦理问题,需要深入探讨。     

浅析当代大学生言语行为的性别差异及其原因

性别语言是语言的一种变异形式,是诸多领域研究的重要课题。本文主要介绍当代大学生言语行为的性别差异,注重时代发展赋予大学生语言的文化特征,并分析其原因。