Influence flows in the academy: Using affiliation networks to assess peer effects among researchers

Little is known about how influence flows in the academy, because of inherent difficulties in collecting data on large samples of friendship and advice-seeking networks over time. We propose taking advantage of the relative abundance of “affiliation network” data to assess aggregate patterns of how individual and dyadic characteristics channel influence among researchers. We formulate and test our approach using new data on 2034 faculty members at Stanford University over a 15-year period, analyzing different affiliations as potential influence channels for changes in grant productivity. Results indicate that research productivity is more malleable to ongoing interpersonal influence processes than suggested in prior research: a strong, salient tie to a colleague in an authority position is most likely to transmit influence, and most forms of influence are likely to spill over to behaviors outside those jointly produced by collaborators. However, the genders and institutional locations of ego-alter pairs significantly affect how influence flows.     

What You Know or Who You Know? Occupation-specific work experience and job matching through social networks

While work experience is generally seen as an indicator of human capital, it may also reflect the accumulation of social capital. This study examines how work experience facilitates informal access to employment—that is, being matched with a new employer through an informal search or informal recruitment through the non-search process (without engaging in a job search). Results from fixed effects regression on panel data from the NLSY show that experience is related to informal entry into new jobs, though in a very specific way. The odds of being informally recruited into a new job improve as work experience in related occupations rises, but this relationship holds only among men. These findings highlight the social benefits of occupation-specific work experience that accrue to men but not to women, suggesting an alternative explanation for the gender disparity in wage returns to experience.     

企业提高职工劳动报酬的内生动力研究——基于社会成本-收益框架下的讨论

企业职工劳动报酬过低是导致社会风险累积性成本增高的重要因素。企业主动承担起提高职工劳动报酬的社会责任,不仅是必要的,而且是可行的,符合企业和社会整体的长期利益。企业提高职工劳动报酬内生动力的发挥面临着集体行动的困境和市场化收益回报路径受阻两大障碍。因此,需要完善企业职工劳动报酬增长的评价制度、信息公开制度、选择性激励制度、组建地区性行业工会组织来构建基于企业内生动力的劳动报酬增长机制。     

收入差距和社会公正:拉美国家社会保障体系的发展及其经验

在对拉美社会保障体系的研究中,人们的关注大多集中在其九十年代的以私有化为导向的改革中,而对于其改革成效和晚近发展讨论较少,对这些体系特点以及社会基础的解释也很不充分。拉美国家社会政策发展的教训警示我们:城市化和市场化的发展未必增进社会全体人民的生活状况,而会导致社会两极化或强化社会区隔。拉美国家私有化、民营化的经验在增强福利供给的多样性、给人们更多的选择方面起到很大作用,但其在增进社会保障程度、减少贫困率方面的效应却很弱。这些国际经验对于我们回答中国的社会实践问题可以提供相应的参照系。     

当代中国社会转型与我国宪法实施的机遇

当代中国社会的转型,是传统社会向现代社会的转型,是传统因素减少与现代因素增多的过程。当代中国社会的转型"涉及到人类思想和行为所有领域的变革",必将为我国宪法的实施提供诸如政治、经济、文化等方面的积极条件,从而促进我国宪法的良好实施。     

社会组织在推进社会和谐发展中的作用研究

从理论上看,社会组织的优势使其在动员社会资源、服务弱势群体、参与社会矛盾的预警和化解、进行政策建议和倡导等方面发挥着重要作用,推进社会的和谐发展。然而,在目前中国"强政府、弱社会"的政府与社会关系格局中,社会组织的发展及其应有功能的发挥高度依赖政府为其提供的外部环境。为此,政府要全面地认识社会组织的功能,改变对社会组织的被动管理模式,在制度设计上更加具有主动性,通过开放更大的制度空间以及全面拓展社会组织的功能领域来推动社会组织的发展,使其正面功能得以充分发挥。     

知行合一的道德教育及其困境

知行合一是道德教育的最终目标。所谓知行合一即知与行的统一,是一个从道德规范到道德行为的动态过程。然而,当前存在着诸多影响知行合一的负面因素。因此,要做到道德教育的知行合一,不仅要解决制度问题,而且要提供相应的物质基础;不仅要营造相应的社会环境,而且要弘扬知行合一的文化传统,还要对道德教育的方式加以改造。     

The burdens of social capital: How socially-involved people dealt with stress after Hurricane Katrina

Research shows that those with greater social capital enjoy better physical and mental health. The current study illuminates a paradox of social capital which may afflict those involved in traumatic events. Several years of survey data reveal a dynamic picture of the link between social capital and stress following Hurricane Katrina. Results reveal that initially after Katrina, those who were more socially embedded carried the greatest load with respect to helping the displaced population, thus experiencing more stress. But over time, the most socially-involved then snapped back from their stressful experiences more rapidly than isolates. This confirms that over the course of stressful events, social involvement first exposes people to more stress, but as time passes, provides them a significant buffer against negative psychosocial experiences.     

Apron strings of working mothers: Maternal employment and housework in cross-national perspective

This paper asks whether maternal employment has a lasting influence on the division of household labor for married women and men. Employing multi-level models with 2002 ISSP survey data for 31 countries, we test the lagged accommodation hypothesis that a long societal history of maternal employment contributes to more egalitarian household arrangements. Our results find that living in a country with a legacy of high maternal employment is positively associated with housework task-sharing, even controlling for the personal socialization experience of growing up with a mother who worked for pay. In formerly socialist countries, however, there is less gender parity in housework than predicted by the high historical level of maternal employment.     

农民工社会流动的现实困境与对策分析

农民工合理有序的社会流动对转型期中国社会具有特殊意义。然而,目前农民工的社会流动绝大多数只是水平流动,缺乏跨越阶层边界的向上流动。因此可以说,当前的农民工社会流动已陷入困境。转型社会背景下的二元化制度及其惯性、农民工整体人力资本弱势以及社会资本缺乏是造成流动困境的主要原因。欲突破农民工社会流动困境,必须改革与创新制度、提升农民工人力资本、推动农民工组织化建设、规范政府职能,同时还应加强执行能力的建设、转变观念。