马克思主义科学哲学的两个研究传统——中俄科学哲学的发生学比较

俄(苏)和中国的科学哲学同属马克思主义传统,但各有特点.俄(苏)科学哲学的基础是苏联时期的自然科学哲学问题研究,20世纪60年代发生的"认识论转向"促成了俄(苏)科学哲学的兴起.中国科学哲学的产生根源于自然辩证法研究范式的转换.中俄科学哲学的比较研究,既可以揭示哲学的民族性,更可以从一个侧面反映各自民族的文化个性.     

20世纪90年代初俄罗斯文学中的“苏联”叙事刍议

20世纪90年代初期苏联解体,社会急剧转型,导致了人们的价值观念和思维方式的巨大变化,并深刻地影响了文学的发展进程。这一时期,文学中的“苏联”叙事主要呈现出政治祛魅的特征：褪去神圣光环的十月革命、正义性遭受质疑的卫国战争、被消解的乌托邦神话体制等在文学中得以书写。作家通过这种陌生化的手法诉说历史之痛,解构苏联官方话语的宏大叙事。     

A Preliminary Exploration of Immigrant Substance Abusers from the Former Soviet Union Living in Israel,Germany and the United States: A Multi-National Perspective

SUMMARY

The Former Soviet Union (FSU) has historically been seen as having an unusually large population of individuals with alcohol problems. Since the fall of the communist regime, a growing drug abusing population has become visible. With the large migration of its residents to western countries and to Israel, the rates of alcohol and drug problems among these immigrants appear to be disproportionally high, although reliable data are lacking. The purpose of this article is to summarize exploratory data regarding alcohol and other drug use among immigrants from the Former Soviet Union living in Israel, Germany and the United States, and to identify further research needs and implications for treatment and policy.     

Materials relating to East European Jewish history and culture in the archives of the former Soviet Union

The Kiev Institute of Jewish (from the early 1930s “Proletarian”) Culture (Institut Evreiskoi Proletarskoi Kul'tury, IEPK), based at the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (UAS), was one of two such organisations in the inter-war period. This article discusses the fate of its archive, a rich source that included material from Leningrad and elsewhere, in the wake of two interventions; firstly, its sudden closure in 1936 by the Soviet authorities and, secondly, the Nazi occupation of Kiev in the Second World War. As a consequence, the archive was scattered to the winds, ending up in two continents.     

Images of Jewish identities in Lithuanian literature of the twentieth century: Grigorii Kanovich and Markas Zingeris

This paper deals with the identity concept of two Lithuanian Jewish writers, Grigorii Kanovich and Markas Zingeris. Kanovich, as a member of the Holocaust generation, writing in Russian, depicts his protagonists as spiritual and hardworking people with strong self‐confidence, resting on religion and custom. By means of the narrative technique of memory, Kanovich creates a literary resurrection of the Lithuanian Jews as a people which was almost completely exterminated during the Holocaust. Omnipresent pictures of cemetery and grave transform the Lithuanian space into a metonymy of death and, grotesquely, to the only place of home, being the “shelter” for the killed bodies of the Lithuanian Jewry. Markas Zingeris, growing up in post‐war Soviet Lithuania, represents the concept of open identities, changeable in time and place. Calling himself a Lithuanian writer who has been raised within a Lithuanian, Jewish, and, not least, Soviet milieu, Zingeris depicts his protagonists in in‐between situations. Writing in Lithuanian, speaking several languages fluently and working as translator, Zingeris embodies the cosmopolite. At the same time, though, he is a writer of collective memory. He comments on the apparent loss of the great utopia of an autonomous identity with ironic melancholy, pointing instead to the rich variety of hybrid identities.     

The literary development of Yekhiel Shraybman: a Jewish writer in Soviet clothing

This article examines the literary career of the last Bessarabian Yiddish writer of his generation Yekhiel Shraybman (1913–2005). His loss is still deeply felt by the Moldovan Jewish community as his life and writings embraced the country’s historic Jewish past. As his literary career was launched and developed in the Soviet Union his work, aesthetics and politics were affected by “Sovietisation,” a requirement of the Communist Party’s standards in relation to literature. Yet behind the ambivalent glamour of the title “Soviet writer,” he managed to remain a Jewish writer and leave behind a printed memory of his home shtetl, Rashkov.     

Towards a social history of suffering: Dignity,misery and disrespect

ABSTRACT

This article examines the working-class audience in Soviet Ukraine and the changes in its reading appetites during the 1920s. Under the Soviet nationalities policy of korenizatsiia introduced in 1923, the print-runs of Ukrainian-language literary products increased significantly. Nonetheless, as this article argues, those numerous publications often did not reach Ukrainian readers and if they did, they could hardly satisfy the interest appetites of an ever-growing Ukrainian audience. As the book reviews collected in the second half of the 1920s showed, the worker readers were interested in a certain type of literature – entertaining, easy to comprehend, dealing with contemporary issues and characters – that was not yet available in Ukrainian. Nevertheless, once that literature began to emerge in the late 1920s, the interest in contemporary books in Ukrainian increased. By examining every aspect of reading in Ukrainian – production, dissemination and consumption of the printed word – this article highlights the decisive role of Soviet readership in determining future official Soviet Ukrainian literature. The case of Soviet Ukraine emphasizes regional specifics and introduces an important language component to the Bolshevik reading revolution of the 1920s to early 1930s, largely ignored in the scholarship.     

从以人为本执政理念看苏共垮台的原因和教训

从以人为本执政理念新视角重新审视苏联解体、苏共垮台的原因可知,苏共在执政理念上背离了"以人为本",在实践上表现为未能切实保障好人们的经济、政治和文化权益。由此可以得出一条重要教训:共产党执政必须牢固树立以人为本的执政理念。而落实以人为本执政理念必须从经济、政治、文化等各方面着手。     

技术哲学视野下的苏联工业化问题研究

苏联的工业化是社会主义发展史上不可磨灭的大事件,它开辟了落后的社会主义国家通过政府的强力干预从而实现快速工业化的崭新道路。从历史上看,苏联的社会主义工业化是一次成功的实践,但为此也付出了沉重的代价。全面认识苏联工业化,特别是从苏联技术哲学的视角出发分析工业化的指导思想和具体实践,总结苏联工业化的历史经验和教训,对于我国落实科学发展观、走新型工业化道路具有重要的借鉴意义。