Australian and New Zealand Indigenous mothers’ report respect for smoking bans in homes

BackgroundThere is limited data about the reasons behind residential rules to reduce environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure or the establishment or enforcement of such rules in Indigenous populations.AimWe aimed to gain an understanding of smokefree rules around Australian and New Zealand (NZ) Indigenous infants.MethodThis was a qualitative study nested within a randomised controlled trial that aimed to test the efficacy of a family-centred tobacco control programme about environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to improve the respiratory health of Indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 Indigenous mothers of infants in Australia (n = 7) and NZ (n = 19). We asked about the presence of smokefree rules, who set the rules, how the rules were set and enforced, and presence of smokefree rules in participants’ wider social circle. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and inductively analysed to identify key themes.FindingsSixty-nine percent of mothers had partners, 77% smoked and all reported some presence of smokefree rules for house and car. Three main themes were identified: strategies to minimise exposure to ETS, establishing smokefree rules in homes and cars, and, adherence and enforcement of smokefree rules. Several strategies were identified to limit children's exposure to ETS, including rules to limit exposure to third-hand smoke. Mothers extended their smokefree rules to apply to other people's houses or cars, and reported that their family and social circles also had smokefree rules. The main reason for having smokefree rules was for the health of their children. Rules were most commonly set by the mother, often jointly with their partner. Few mothers reported challenges or problems with other people adhering to the smokefree rules.ConclusionWomen tried very hard to, and believed that they were effective in, protecting their children from the harmful effects of ETS exposure. In this context, health professionals need to emphasise smoking cessation in parents, so that children are maximally protected from ETS exposure.     

大学英语课程设置改革途径之一——增设特殊用途英语

本文旨在通过对我国大学英语教学现状和当今社会对高校人才培养需求现状的分析，提出大学英语课程设置改革的途径之一是增设特殊用途英语课程。特殊英语课程建设在于提高教师个人教学能力和某一特定专业基础理论和专业知识的素养，建立四有教学团队，制定四维的教学目标和展开突出四性的教材建设。     

普通逻辑教学中的周延性问题──欧拉图解判定法

本文针对学生对普通逻辑教学中词项的周延性问题的疑惑,利用欧拉图的判定方法,通过直观的形式,并从是否具有必然性的角度分析了性质判断中主谓项的周延性情况。本文认为此种方法具有很强的说服力,可为广大的师生所采纳。     

统一知识产权法新论

我国现行知识产权法本就零散,加之修补,立法层多,使得相关法律法规不完善、不配套,甚至存在一定程度的矛盾,应参照国际经验,制定统一的知识产权法,并界定统一知识产权法的范围,将其作为一个独立的法律部门。文章对制定统一知识产权法提出整体设想,对制定技术提出建议。     

徽州更名黄山和绩溪划出徽州的法律透视

阐述人民群众恢复徽州的呼声。从法律的规定,法规的要求和行政规章的说法等三方面阐明微州更名黄山,绩溪划出徽州的弊端,呼吁尽快恢复一个完整的徽州。     

强烈的互惠主义:一种关于企业内合作行为的新解释

除了对自身利益和交易结果的关注外,对他人以及对产生经济结果的过程的关注(有时称为伦理准则)也是个人行为的重要来源;并且,行为常常是随具体环境而定的。个人偏好的演进观,把人类行为看做是个人遵循那些已证明是成功的、从而被复制并在人群中广泛扩散的行为规则的结果。企业内不同要素所有者之间持续的、面对面的相互作用,可能有助于每一方都形成关于另一方行为的互惠主义倾向的信念。从而,即使在缺乏外部权益保障的情况下,每一方都能理性地选择合作性地行事,而不是趁机采取侵占对方利益的机会主义行为。     

论构建反倾销伦理规则的基础

在经济全球化背景下,特别是在世界经济复苏整体乏力的当下,欧美诸国和一些新兴经济体国家,在国际贸易中滥用反倾销救济措施,致使诸多反倾销行为从本应是合乎理性的公正之举走向实质的不公平,导致反倾销的道德异化。因此,从伦理角度审视,对反倾销行为进行规则构建就显得十分必要和迫切。本文认为,这种构建既不是空中楼阁,也不是无本之源,而是既具备一定的理论与思想基础,也具有切实的现实基础。     

论专门用途英语专业教师与通用英语教师教学合作模式

专门用途英语在培养专业人才方面的作用毋庸置疑。通过对专门用途英语教学现状的考察和反思,分析其存在的弊端,提出专门用途英语专业教师与通用英语教师合作的具体模式,指出双方可以在语言描写、交际情景分析、需求分析以及教学大纲编写等五个方面加强合作,以期提高专门用途英语的教学水平;     

Do Political Institutions Shape Economic Policy?

Do political institutions shape economic policy? I argue that this question should naturally appeal to economists. Moreover, the answer is in the affirmative, both in theory and in practice. In particular, recent theoretical work predicts systematic effects of electoral rules and political regimes on the size and composition of government spending. Results from ongoing empirical work indicate that such effects are indeed present in the data. Some empirical results are consistent with theoretical predictions: presidential regimes have smaller governments and countries with majoritarian elections have smaller welfare‐state programs and less corruption. Other results present puzzles for future research: the adjustment to economic events appears highly institution‐dependent, as does the timing and nature of the electoral cycle.     

美国金融监管体系改革中几个重大理论问题

任何一次金融危机,都是金融体系进行重大改革的机会。在2008年一场严重的金融危机之后,美国政府推出一个系统的金融监管制度改革蓝图。这个金融改革的目的就是要重要确立美国金融监管体系的新基础。而这个新基础的核心就是对以往的金融监管理念重新认识,以便设计出适应于新的经济形势的金融监管新规则,重构美国的金融体系。可以说,无论是监管目的的确立、监管模式的采取,还是金融创新的新理解,都会促使对美国金融监管体系进行较为全面彻底的改革,这是重建美国新的金融体系的基础。对此,中国的管理层要密切关注其动向与发展,以便也重造中国的金融监管体系。