Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing of Vocalizations: A Systematic Replication

The current study replicated an enhanced stimulus-stimulus pairing (SSP) procedure used by Esch et al. (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 42: 42–225, 2009) for increasing vocalizations in children with autism. The enhanced SSP procedure consisted of pairing target vocalizations with high-preference items, interspersed target and nontarget trials, an observing response, and the presentation of the vocalizations in “motherese” speech. Results showed substantial increases in target vocalizations above baseline levels and above nontarget vocalizations for two of three participants.     

中国人卵母细胞中同源染色体配对形态和行为的研究

运用表面铺展SDS处理、硝酸银染色的电镜观察技术,研究5例（其中4例为14、20、24、28周龄正常胎儿和1例为24周龄无脑儿）中国人卵母细胞中同源染色体配对形态和行为,其结果为1.5例胎儿卵巢中卵母细胞中同源染色体配对形态和行为正常,说明引起神经管损伤的因子对卵母细胞中同源染色体配对行为无影响。2．在14周龄胎儿卵巢中可见卵母细胞减数分裂前期Ⅰ的各个时期即细线期、偶线期、粗线期和双线期卵母细胞,说明中国人卵母细胞中同源染色体配对的关键胎龄在14周龄之前,14周龄以后外界不良因子对孕妇的刺激可能不会对胎儿卵母细胞同源染色体配对行为造成影响。     

Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing to Increase Vocalizations in Children with Language Delays: a Review

Stimulus-stimulus pairing (SSP) is a procedure used to increase vocalizations in children with significant language delays. However, results from studies that have examined the effectiveness of SSP have been discrepant. The following review of the literature summarizes the results from 13 experiments published between 1996 and 2014 that used this procedure with children with language delays. Studies were analyzed across various participant and procedural variables, and an effect size estimate (nonoverlap of all pairs) was calculated for a portion of the participants in the studies reviewed. Results indicated an overall moderate intervention effect for SSP of speech sounds. Recommendations are provided for future researchers about information to report and potential avenues for future studies.     

制乏刺激论，人类具有内在语言机制的有力论证

介绍了缺乏刺激论及毕科顿 (Bickerton)的语言生物程序假说和高顿迈都 (Goldin Meadow)等对失聪儿童语言发展的研究 ,进一步论证了人类具有内在语言机制 ,这一论证对儿童习得母语及非课堂条件下的第二语言学习会有一定的启发。     

英语动结构式的形式语义匹配

Goldberg&Jackendoff(2004:532-568)对英语动结构式进行了全面充分的诠释,他们把英语动结构式看成一个构式家族,这个构式家族之中的构式分支具有家族相似性(Fam ily Resemblance)。家族相似性决定了英语动结构式是一个开放性的系统,很多构式分支可以整合进来,同时也决定了它的构式分支是表层形式。首先运用维特根斯坦家族相似性理论对Goldberg&Jackendoff(2004)做进一步的分析,对他们未深入研究的特殊句式进行了翔实的识解,并最终添加两类动结构式分支。人的认知规律和语法化所造成的语言的外部和内部理据决定了英语动结构式家族丰富多彩的表层形式。     

航空公司机队集中调度理论研究

针对国内航空公司生产组织模式的特点,研究了实施航空公司机队集中调度的必要性和可行性进行,提出了"飞机-‘航班节’分配成本"的概念作为评估机队调度质量的技术经济指标,搭建起实施航空公司机队集中调度的理论框架。并通过实例进行了仿真模拟研究,结果表明:机队集中调度是航空公司运行管理模式的发展趋势,不仅必要而且可行。     

双线性对快速计算中的多项式选取

针对Miller算法的循环次数,分析了循环控制多项式的性质,得出某些类的循环控制多项式的次数的下限。在此基础上,给出适合于双线性对的椭圆曲线的相关参数的选取方法。最后,给出利用不可约分因子来生成适合于双线性对的椭圆曲线时,Miller算法的循环次数达到理论下限的充分必要条件。     

The Effects of a Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing Procedure on the Unprompted Vocalizations of a Young Child Diagnosed with Autism

The current study evaluated the effects of a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure intended to increase spontaneous vocalizations of a young child diagnosed with autism. A multiple-baseline design across two target phonemes was used to evaluate the effects of the pairing procedure on the frequency of phonemes uttered by the participant. Data were collected during presession, postsession, and follow-up periods across three conditions: Baseline, Control, and Pairing. During the Pairing conditions, a target phoneme was repeatedly vocalized by the experimenter and was systematically paired with preferred stimuli. Results from postsession observations following the pairing condition evidenced no increase in the target sounds. Practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.     

Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing and Subsequent Mand Acquisition of Children with Various Levels of Verbal Repertoires

Effects of a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure on the subsequent acquisition of mand operants were investigated. An attempt was made to shape novel sounds that emerged through the pairing procedure into a mand. Six children, aged two to five years, with moderate to severe language and communication delays, participated. Two conditions were used following the pairing condition: postpairing and direct reinforcement. The emergence of mands was compared across these conditions. An additional analysis was made of the relation between participants'' baseline verbal repertoires and the effects of the pairing and the emergence of mands. Results indicate the possibility of stimulus control from a stimulus-stimulus pairing to mand as shown in two of the participants who had demonstrated high rates of vocal play and low to no verbal repertoire prior to this study. Target vocal sounds during postpairing and direct reinforcement condition remained at zero to low levels for participants with high verbal repertoire and little vocal play, warranting future studies on relations between the pre-existing verbal repertoire and the effectiveness of stimulus-stimulus pairing.     

Using Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing and Direct Reinforcement to Teach Vocal Verbal Behavior to Young Children With Autism

In this study the effect of a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure was used as part of a clinical investigation to increase vocalizations for two young children diagnosed with autism. This procedure involved pairing a vocal sound with a preferred stimulus (e.g., toy) to condition automatic reinforcement. In addition, this study assessed the effects of a direct reinforcement procedure to bring a vocalization under echoic control following the pairing procedure for 1 of the participants. The results showed the pairing procedure was used successfully to increase a vocalization for one of the participants, and the vocalization was brought under echoic control.