秀骨清相:"世说新语时代"的人物之美

"世说新语时代"一个特有的现象就是对男性之美的极大关注,从形体与神情两方面对"世说新语时代"秀骨清相的人物之美展开分析,可以把握那一时代男性之美所具备的美学特征.总结起来,即形体上以高、瘦、白、丽为审美标准,神情上以清、秀、远、朗为审美标准.     

辽代自然灾害的时空分布特征与基本规律

辽代共发生自然灾害13种133频次,又以水灾、旱灾最为常见,各种灾害的时空分布和总体特征均有一定规律可循,呈现较强的波段性、明显的季节性及鲜明的地域性,且常常数灾并发引发饥荒,加剧灾情。     

后股改时代中国上市公司资产重组的发展动向及规制措施研究

资产按照不同时期的经济走向及市场变动而进行重新组合,这是资产本身所固有的內在特征.后股改时代是股权分置时代到全流通时代的一个过渡时期,其时间持续较长.在此阶段,上市公司资产重组会发生一些新的变化.阐述中国上市公司资产重组的发展历程和后股改时代中国证券市场的特征,分析后股改时代上市公司资产重组的发展动向,并提出规制措施.     

基于最优停时理论的创业投资退出决策模型研究

创业投资的退出是创业投资运作过程中最关键的环节,对创业投资退出问题的研究是创业投资理论的关注重点。论文以研究创业投资不同退出方式的价值为对象,基于创业投资项目产生的现金流遵循几何布朗运动假设的基础上,分析了创业投资项目采取立即退出的价值和继续维持以获取最优退出方式的价值,以最优停时理论为建模依据,比较这两种情况的价值构建了创业投资退出时机的一般模型。在分析不同退出方式产生的退出损益基础上,结合一般模型构建了最优退出方式和最优退出时机相结合的退出决策模型。论文提出了一个分析创业投资退出决策的一般模型,并用该模型对一个实例进行模拟分析,以便验证模型的实用性。     

Conserving complexity: A complex systems paradigm and framework to study public relations’ contribution to grand challenges

Sustainable development poses a grand challenge for society, addressed by organisations through their public relations activities. Grand challenges are complex by nature and call for nontrivial solutions whose effects show at the level of society. That is why studying public relations’ contribution to grand challenges requires a macro perspective that accounts for the dynamic interaction between individual, organisational, and system levels in a digital communication environment. This paper offers a new paradigm to analyse organisations’ significant and at times undue impact on grand challenges through public relations. It develops a framework inspired by complex adaptive systems thinking and adopts its ten properties for public relations: emergence, adaptivity, heterogeneous actors, nonlinear effects, feedback mechanisms, self-organisation, phase transitions, networks, scaling, and cooperation. The paper applies the framework to the example of sustainable development. It shows why research on grand challenges requires a holistic perspective and how it can help study digitally born communication phenomena. The proposed complex systems paradigm provides space for critical, social scientific, and interpretative research lines in public relations. Inquiries start from the grand challenge and study the communicative interactions between organisations and other actors from existing theory while accounting for the ten properties of complex adaptive systems. The paper outlines how future research can enrich the study of public relations and discusses its limits.     

维生素C(Vit C)、贮藏时间、温度对香肠pH值和酸值(AV值)的影响

通过添加不同水平的VitC和贮藏时间及温度的变化，测定香肠中pH值、酸值（AV值）的大小，研究其各因素之间的影响。结果表明：VitC能使香肠中pH值、AV值降低；贮藏时间越长，AV值将增大，而pH值先减少，第32d后又略有增大；贮藏温度越低，虽能降低香肠中的AV值，但对pH值影响差异不显著（P＞0.05）；pH值与AV值之间的变化无相关性。     

Economic Manufacturing Quantity and Its Integrating Implications

Several contradictions are noted among the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Just‐In‐Time (JIT), and Optimized Production Technology (OPT) approaches and the economic framework for profit maximization. A fundamental model referred to as the Economic Manufacturing Quantity (EMO) is developed and examined for its integrating implications for the three approaches. An implication for the classic EOQ approach is that the balance between setup and inventory carrying costs is valid when a production facility is operating at or below a certain critical level but not when operating above that level. An implication for the JIT approach is that one must reduce setup cost at non‐bottlenecks and setup time at bottlenecks to reduce inventory. An implication for the OPT approach is that trade‐offs between setup and inventory carrying costs may indeed be ignored while determining process batch sizes, provided each facility in a production system is operating at or above Its critical level. Economic theoretic analysis of the EMO model provides a basis for unification of JIT which advocates stability in operating level as a key to improved productivity and quality, and OPT that advocates maximizing operating level with resultant emphasis on bottlenecks as a key to increased profits. This unifying basis states that a profit‐maximizing production facility or system will operate at the full and stable level as long as market demand remains relatively sensitive to price and operating at the full (maximum) level provides positive unit contribution.     

Bringing the cognitive revolution forward: What can team cognition contribute to our understanding of leadership?

Cognition is a central element of organizational behavior and leaders are seen as key shapers of organizational cognition. Leaders’ influence over organizations often occurs through their influence on the collectives or teams they are leading. Hence, leaders influence organizational outcomes by modeling team cognition. Despite the importance of this relationship for organizational outcomes, there is little integration currently between the leadership and team cognition literatures. To address this gap, we conduct an integrative review. First, we develop a model for leader and team influence based on organizational emergence and leadership complexity theories. Our model makes a distinction between the source of influence over cognition (leader → team, team → leader, reciprocal) and form of cognition emergence (variance reduction, variance enhancement); constraints that shape cognitions that vary in levels (within and between-level, contextual) and focus (individual, interindividual, collective); and leader behaviors (administrative, adaptive, enabling). We apply this model to review and analyze ninety-nine studies in the current literature and then discuss the limitations and future directions drawing on our findings and theoretical model. We contribute a unifying framework of leadership and team emergence that can be expanded and applied to other settings.     

A Competitive Model of Customization with Lead‐Time Effects

In this article, we study the competitive interactions between a firm producing standard products and a firm producing custom products. Consumers with heterogeneous preferences choose between n standard products, which may not meet their preferences exactly but are available immediately, and a custom product, available only after a certain lead time l. Standard products incur a variety cost that increases with n and custom products incur a lead time cost that is decreasing in the lead time l. We consider a two‐stage game wherein at stage 1, the standard product firm chooses the variety and the custom firm chooses the lead time and then both firms set prices simultaneously. We characterize the subgame‐perfect Nash equilibrium of the game. We find that both firms can coexist in equilibrium, either sharing the market as local monopolists or in a price‐competitive mode. The standard product firm may offer significant or minimal variety depending on the equilibrium outcome. We provide several interesting insights on the variety, lead time, and prices of the products offered and on the impact of problem parameters on the equilibrium outcomes. For instance, we show that the profit margin and price of the custom product are likely to be higher than that of standard products in equilibrium under certain conditions. Also, custom firms are more likely to survive and succeed in product markets with larger potential market sizes. Another interesting insight is that increased consumer sensitivity to product fit may result in lower lead time for the custom product.     

Bootstrap Methods for Markov Processes

The block bootstrap is the best known bootstrap method for time‐series data when the analyst does not have a parametric model that reduces the data generation process to simple random sampling. However, the errors made by the block bootstrap converge to zero only slightly faster than those made by first‐order asymptotic approximations. This paper describes a bootstrap procedure for data that are generated by a Markov process or a process that can be approximated by a Markov process with sufficient accuracy. The procedure is based on estimating the Markov transition density nonparametrically. Bootstrap samples are obtained by sampling the process implied by the estimated transition density. Conditions are given under which the errors made by the Markov bootstrap converge to zero more rapidly than those made by the block bootstrap.