How trade/GNP ratio decreases with country size

The ratio of a country's foreign trade (i.e., exports plus imports) to its GNP has a known tendency to decrease with country size. Previous studies have used a single year's data; but trade fluctuates greatly from year to year. This paper makes available a compilation of 1953–1972 export/GNP and import/GNP figures for 110 countries. The average import/GNP figure is found to correlate strongly with population size; the simple expression, Imports/GNP = 40 $\text{P}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}$, applies, within a factor of 2, in 94% of cases. No correlation with development level can be seen. The United States data throughout its history (1799–1972) follow the same inverse cube root pattern, but with a constant of 20 instead of 40. Correlation is much poorer in the case of export/GNP ration. Export and import figures are only marginally correlated to each other.     

Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size

Areas of the world's three largest empires or states at any given time are listed at 100- or 50-year intervals, from 3000 b.c. on. Area measurement definitions and techniques are described. Major empire size has tended to increase, approaching the world's dry earth area in an approximately logistic way. This pattern suggests that a world state is still many centuries away. Sudden increases in empire size have occurred around 2800 b.c. due to emergence of cities, around 600 b.c. due to a power delegation breakthrough, and around 1600 a.d. due to a communication speed revolution. A graph of the world's largest empire areas throughout times offers somewhat novel perspectives on world history, making one realize the Western bias of many “world history” texts. Areas of 20 largest states that ever existed are listed. Subsequent papers will deal with historical periods in more detail.     

六十华诞百年沧桑——辽宁大学及其前身的历史沿革与对校庆时间的抉择

辽宁大学是1958年由东北财经学院、沈阳师范学院、沈阳俄文专科学校合并而成.该三校的前身是东北商业专科学校、东北教育学院等12所东北的高校与东北人大(东大前身)等4所院校的部分系科或专业.作为辽宁大学沿革史上的重要组成部分东北商业专科学校,是我党建立的第一所专门商科高校,至今已是60华诞;其历史沿革的起点是,1906年清办的营口商业学堂,至今已是百年沧桑.     

对高校后勤社会化改革的回顾与思考

成都理工大学后勤社会化改革取得了极大成绩。成绩的取得主要源于后勤工作坚持走改革创新之路,不断推进后勤社会化;坚持走持续发展之路,不断提高后勤凝聚力;坚持走服务至上之路,不断巩固后勤社会化改革新成果。当然在后勤社会化改革中也存在一些不足,为此我校后勤工作应进一步理顺甲乙方及大后勤管理职能,加强外聘员工聘用的过程管理、改进后勤服务实体的自主创新能力等。     

师范院校普通话教学存在的问题及对策

普通话教学是师范院校大学生教育的一个重要的基础环节,目前尚存在着认识不足、识字量不够、规范读音意识不强、学习方法不够多样、教学方法单一,以及课时设置少、班级相对过大等问题,提出提高认识、增加识字量、增强规范读音意识、学习方法灵活、教学方法多种多样以及增加课时、缩减班级人数等措施,应该引起学生、教师和管理者的高度重视。     

高校人才人事工作的文化内涵与价值追求

高校的人才人事工作，既要从时域的纵向上联系学校、社会的发展变化看不同阶段人才人事工作的特征和变化；又要从当代大学的使命上认识人才人事工作的深刻内涵和发展理念。因此，人才人事工作必须密切关注和配合学校教学工作和学科建设的发展变化，适应时代进步的特征和需求；人事工作者的基本素质应该是成为办事有心、处事有度、待人有情、通达全局、思考缜密的科学管理者；人才人事工作的基本价值观应该是对人的尊重、对学术的敬畏、对遵守规则的自觉。     

Occupational stress in universities: staff perceptions of the causes, consequences and moderators of stress

In recent years, the Australian university sector has undergone large-scale organizational change, including restructuring, downsizing and government funding cuts. At the same time, research from across the globe reports an alarming increase in the occupational stress experienced by university staff. We report on the first phase of a longitudinal investigation of occupational stress. A total of 22 focus groups were conducted with a representative sample of 178 academic and general staff from 15 Australian universities. The groups focused on understanding staff 's experience of occupational stress, and perceptions of the sources, consequences and moderators of stress. Both general and academic staff reported a dramatic increase in stress during the previous 5 years. As a group, academic staff reported higher levels of stress than general staff. Five major sources of stress were identified including: insufficient funding and resources; work overload; poor management practice; job insecurity; and insufficient recognition and reward. The majority of groups reported that job-related stress was having a deleterious impact on their professional work and personal welfare. Aspects of the work environment (support from co-workers and management, recognition and achievement, high morale, flexible working conditions), and personal coping strategies (stress management techniques, work/ non-work balance, tight role boundaries and lowering standards), were reported to help staff cope with stress. The findings provide a timely insight into the experience of stress within universities.     

中央大学建筑系与民国时期的建筑师群体

通过对民国时期中央大学建筑系发展过程的梳理及对中央大学建筑系师资组成和性质的分析,从一个侧面揭示出民国时期大学师资兼职流动与大学学术发展的关系。就民国建筑教育而言,建筑师和教师这一双重身份及由此形成的大学宽松的教学氛围和人才的自由流动,在一定程度上促成了中央大学建筑系的人才济济与快速发展,并产生了民国时期辉煌的建筑成就。     

关于加强大学生亲情教育的思考

人的全面发展需要有促进人的素质全面提高的和谐教育体系。亲情教育是思想道德修养教育体系的重要内容之一,是基本素质教育的范畴,是精神文明建设的重要组成部分。加强亲情教育对大学生增强忠孝意识和关心能力、顺利步入社会有重要作用,对建立和谐社会有深远的现实意义。