新经济地理学视角下的劳动力跨省转移机制研究--以长三角城市群为例

新经济地理学理论认为劳动力出于商品多样性偏好和节约商品运输成本的目的集聚于厂商集聚的地区。文章以长三角城市群为例,利用第六次人口普查数据和NEG模型研究了劳动力流动跨省迁移的影响因素,着重考察了市场潜能对劳动力跨省迁移的作用。研究发现：市场潜能对劳动力跨省迁移有显著的正向效应,从而证明了新经济地理学的“前向联系”;地理距离对劳动力跨省迁移有弱化效应,但没有通过显著性检验;工资水平、就业率、边界效应对劳动力跨省迁移有显著的正向效应。     

Ecological research can augment restoration practice in urban areas degraded by invasive species—examples from Chicago Wilderness

Urban biodiversity conservation needs a firm scientific foundation, one that draws upon active and regionally calibrated research programs. Until recently this foundation has not existed. In this paper we examine the way in which the emerging discipline of restoration ecology in an urban context can learn from the experiences of ongoing restoration projects and in turn how novel insights from research of urban soils can help these projects define and reach their goals. Limitations on collaboration between academic researchers and practitioners continues be problematic. We discuss a model whereby this impediment may be removed. A case study of Rhamnus cathartica, an invader of Midwestern woodlands which modifies some important soil ecosystem properties will be used to illustrate the potential for engagement between research and practice.     

Using best available science to protect critical areas in Washington state: challenges and barriers to planners

Urban development has profound impacts on ecological patterns and processes making the scientific information required for developing environmental ordinances central for mitigating these negative ecological impacts. Washington State requires that planners use the best available science (BAS) to formulate land use ordinances as part of the state’s Growth Management Act (GMA). We present empirical findings describing challenges to planners in defining “best available science” and using BAS to create local ordinances that balance development needs with natural resource protection. We interviewed city and county planners (and their consultants) in western Washington to determine what they find useful about BAS, whether or not BAS is applicable to their jurisdictions, and what constraints they experience in reviewing and using BAS to create or update their land use ordinances. Our results suggest that applying the BAS requirement is particularly difficult in urban areas. Specifically, planners had difficulty applying results from research conducted in systems dissimilar to their urban landscapes. These challenges to planners were exacerbated by (1) a lack of resources and (2) political tensions among stakeholders with competing values in urban settings. We conclude with recommendations for improving the consideration of science in statewide land-use planning.     

Relationship between urbanization and bat community structure in national parks of the southeastern U.S.

Urbanization and development are predicted to increase considerably in the United States over the next several decades, and this is expected to result in large-scale habitat loss, fragmentation and loss of wildlife species. Thus, natural parks and preserves are becomingly increasingly important in the conservation of regional biodiversity. We used mist-nets and AnabatII acoustic detectors to survey bats in 10 national parks in the southeastern U.S. and examined the relationship between bat community structure and development in the surrounding 5 km. We predicted that species richness would increase with park size and that species richness and evenness would decrease with development. Species richness was not related to development or any other landscape characteristics including park size. In contrast, species evenness declined with increasing development. Percent Developed land in the surrounding 5 km area was the only variable that entered into the stepwise regression model. The decrease in species evenness in the urban parks was due to the dominance of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in these parks. The percentage of big brown bats in our captures was positively related to percent Developed land in the surrounding area. Our data suggest that urban parks may be important for conserving regional bat biodiversity. However, the low species evenness in these parks suggests that some bat species may be susceptible to the effects of urbanization and may be extirpated over time. Thus, management of urban as well as rural parks should strive to conserve as much bat roosting and foraging habitat as possible.     

论乡村振兴背景下西部农村良性文化的生存现状及培育路径

党的十九大提出了乡村振兴战略。乡村振兴不仅囊括着产业兴旺、生态宜居、生活富裕等指标,也意指乡风文明、文化繁荣等方面得到实质性提升。在乡村振兴过程中必须高度重视农村文化建设,只有良性文化“留乡”“在乡”,乡风才可能文明,乡村振兴的目标才能实现。当前西部农村文化总体上呈现出良莠共生的状况,良性文化渐呈衰微之势,而非良性文化则日渐抬头。重塑西部农村文化需要坚持良性文化的主导原则,在此基础上,政府需要加强公共文化基础设施建设、加大良性文化的弘扬力度、提升农民对文化客体的辨别和选择能力。     

城市游憩空间的政府管理机构整合方案探索

城市游憩空间关联于多个政府职能部门,因此只能获得破碎化的公共服务,导致大部分城市的游憩空间既不能很好地满足人的发展,也不能很好地满足旅游发展,整合分散在各部门的管理职能显得非常必要。为了探索整合方案,本文从价值取向（旅游发展取向与人的发展取向）、组织形式（集权－命令式与分权－协商式）展开分析,由此推导出四种可能的整合方案：一是相关职能划归旅游局,二是成立旅游局牵头的部际协商委员会,三是相关职能划归文化局,四是成立文化局牵头的部际协商委员会。各个城市政府可以根据自身的实际状况做出选择：闲暇旅游驱动型旅游城市可以选择第1种方案;商务旅游驱动型旅游城市可以选择第2种方案;非旅游型中小城市可以选择第3种方案;非旅游型大城市可以选择第4种方案。     

“乡下人进城”文学叙事的政治伦理遮蔽与还原--以《我们夫妇之间》、《霓虹灯下的哨兵》为中心

萧也牧的《我们夫妇之间》和沈西蒙、漠雁、吕兴臣编剧的九场话剧《霓虹灯下的哨兵》是较早的“乡下人进城”作品.《我》的饱受争议与《霓》剧的名噪一时形成了鲜明的反差,这源于二者对城乡日常生活方式差异的不同想象.经由这一文学现象的考察,可见当代城乡差异叙事逐渐剥离阶级、国家意识的遮蔽与替代转向不同身份的生命的“生”的个体差异.“差异”的历史衍义折射了国家、阶级、民族宏大叙事的祛魅以及对生命本体差异现状的正视与回归.透视“差异”衍义的审美经验背后的政治,可知进城的乡下人在创造生活的同时也在创造一种历史.     

Influence of urban landscape structure on bird fauna: a case study across seasons in the city of Valencia (Spain)

Studies on bird fauna of urban environments have had a long history, but the potential of studies mapping the distribution of birds in cities probably has not fully developed. The bird fauna of the municipality of Valencia (Spain) was studied to determine the influence of urbanization on bird species richness and abundance. Birds were censused during winter and the breeding season of years 1997–1998 in 197 squares measuring 49 ha each from a rural and an urbanized area. Across seasons the number of species decreased around 40% in the city compared with the rural landscape surrounding it. Such pattern could be attributed to the low number of farmland species capable to use the habitats inside the city, and the limited ability of urban parks in attracting woodland species. In the urban landscape, the influence of the dimensions and spatial arrangement of habitat patches was outweighed by the amount of each habitat per square. Bird richness and the abundance of most species were negatively related with the amount of built-up habitat per square and positively with the amount of urban parks, and of habitat diversity. Conversely, bird fauna was largely independent of mean park size per square especially during winter, indicating that at the landscape scale even small patches of habitat could play an ecological role. Conservation of urban bird diversity could benefit of two complementary strategies: (i) the protection of the surrounding rural landscape from urban development; (ii) habitat enhancement within the city. Particularly, a proper design and habitat management of urban parks could improve their suitability for urban bird fauna.     

理性习惯偏好与居民消费行为

 经济体制改革以来，随着经济的持续快速增长中国城镇居民已经习惯于生活水平不断提高。在这样的环境中，如果一个家庭当年消费的数量和上一年相同，其幸福感就会打折扣；另一方面，消费还具有外部性，如果与他人相比自己的消费水平降低了，消费者的效用也会受到损失。因此，理性消费者的决策目标是保持消费长期稳定增长而不仅仅是消费在各个时期的均匀分配。利用1978-2008年中国26个省（直辖市）的城镇住户调查数据得到的实证分析结果显示：消费者的习惯偏好与制度环境有关。受传统计划体制影响，1990前中国城镇居民的习惯偏好具有明显的“短视”特征。1990-2008年的估计结果则支持了理性习惯形成假设。即内部习惯形成导致了边际消费倾向明显下降，并且消费攀比是理性的。     

Case study for evaluating campus sustainability: nitrogen balance for the University of Minnesota

American ecologists recently began to address the ecology of cities. Concurrently, higher education institutions have developed sustainability education programs and instituted sustainability policies and projects. This paper draws together these two disparate areas by examining the nitrogen (N) budget of the Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota. We addressed the question: what were the annual inputs, outputs and internal cycles of N on the University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus? We found that 508 Mg N yr-1 were brought into the campus and 494 Mg N yr-1 were emitted from the University of Minnesota campus. The largest N inputs were abiotic fixation (conversion of N₂ to NO_x by combustion) and food for humans and animals. The largest N output was NO_x, followed by wastewater. Our results expand the understanding of the ecology of institutions within an urban area and provide an opportunity for improving urban ecology education and environmental policy at educational institutions.