德国保护地体系评述与借鉴

德国保护地体系是沿袭历史逐步形成的。首先论述了德国保护地体系的法律基础,并对11类德国保护地的定义、现状和管理事权进行了解释。继而对德国保护地体系进行归纳总结:各类保护地由《联邦自然保护法》统筹、分级管理,以自然保护为核心目标;各类保护地地界交织现象广泛存在,从而实现更广泛的连接;关注文化与自然的融合,强调文化景观管理;各类保护地倾向不同功能,平衡保护与利用并合理发展可持续旅游;法治巩固本土特色的保护地。最后对我国的保护地体系进行相关思考:法定保护地须纳入国土空间规划;包容自然与文化景观的保护地可与"自然公园"相得益彰;对保护地的利用及管理需要通过统一规划实现。     

"风水"是源自关中的建筑-景观-规划哲学和美学

以"前朱雀,后玄武,左青龙,右白虎"为模式的"风水",实际表示人的住处选址,应当北边靠大山(玄武),南边临水(朱雀),东西由小山岗(青龙,白虎)围合,含有科学道理.从史料和逻辑上看,它应是古代关中周族适应黄土高原地理特点而发展出的一种建筑-景观-规划哲学和美学,包含着中国最早的地理学、景观学、气候学、生态学、建筑学、规划学、心理学等学科的萌芽."风水"模式中后来渗入了迷信成分.现在,我们要继承发扬风水模式中的科学成分,扬弃其中的迷信成分,使之实现现代转型.     

论我国城市社区的政治文化建构

20世纪90年代以来,随着我国市场经济、市民社会和民主政治的发展以及社区权力结构和治理模式的转型,城市社区的政治文化建构作为社区文化建设必不可少的组成部分,其作用和重要性愈来愈受到人们的重视。法律的相对滞后、见物不见人的文化心理、责权利的分离以及“社区人“意识的淡薄,是阻碍城市社区政治文化建构的主要因素。只有从中国政治发展和构建社会主义和谐社会的全局出发,坚持马克思主义主阵地,弘扬社会主义核心价值观,在实践中积极培育新型公民文化,改进政治社会化方式,建立有效的工作机制等,才是正确建构城市社区政治文化的根本途径。     

税收筹划税法规制的适度性

税收筹划中各方主体复杂利益的并存、冲突和变易,集中体现为国家财政权与国民财产权的对立和协调,并往往导致税收筹划税法规制中的法律"失度,"进而激发税法制度及其运行由"失度"走向"适度"的变革需求。从总体上看,税法对税收筹划的规制呈现"失度-适度"的二元化状态;从税法理论上分析,这一规制状态根源于"个人营利性"与"社会公共性"的基本矛盾。国家追求税法对税收筹划规制的适度性,就是要平衡协调各方利益主体之间的复杂利益关系,尽量缓解和消除这一基本矛盾,以期实现税法对国家财政权和国民财产权的均衡保护。惟其如此,才能构建起新的税收筹划规制分析模式,方才推动中国税收筹划规制制度不断创新。     

论中国当代语言规划的方法

文章提出了语言规划及中国当代语言规划的定义及类型,并在此基础上提出了中国当代语言规划的方法:地位规划的方法--行政方法,自上而下;本体规划的方法--学术方法,自下而上;传播规划的方法--多种方法,上下结合.     

从比较中看应用语言学

通过对《牛津应用语言学手册》和《应用语言学手册》的比较分析,我们对应用语言学的定义和研究领域有了一个更为深刻的认识.尽管目前仍没有一个统一的应用语言学定义,但该领域绝大多数学者都认同,应用语言学是一门解决人类在现实生活中遇到的各种语言问题的学科.     

Financial Issues Associated with Having a Child with Autism

Data from the Family Experiences with Autism Survey are used to identify factors associated with financial problems in families that have a child with autism. Likelihood of financial problems was positively associated with use of medical interventions, having unreimbursed medical or therapy expenses, and having relatively lower income. Use of speech and language therapy was negatively associated with likelihood of financial problems. Many survey respondents forfeited future financial security and even experienced bankruptcy to provide needed therapy for a child with autism. Specific ways that financial advisors can help families that have a child with autism are outlined.

Assessing the effects of land use and land cover patterns on thermal conditions using landscape metrics in city of Indianapolis,United States

Direct applications of remote sensing thermal infrared (TIR) data in landscape ecological research are rare due to limitations in the sensors, calibration, and difficulty in interpretation. Currently there is a general lack of methodology for examining the relationship between land surface temperatures (LST) derived from TIR data and landscape patterns extracted from optical sensors. A separation of landscapes into values directly related to their scale and signature is a key step. In this study, a Landsat ETM+ image of Indianapolis, Unites States, acquired on June 22, 2000, was spectrally unmixed (using spectral mixture analysis, SMA) into fraction endmembers of green vegetation, soil, high albedo, and low albedo. Impervious surface was then computed from the high and low albedo images. A hybrid classification procedure was developed to classify the fraction images into seven land use and land cover (LULC) classes. Using the fractional images, the landscape composition and pattern were examined. Next, pixel-based LST measurements were correlated with the landscape fractional components to investigate LULC based relationships between LST and impervious surface and green vegetation fractions. An examination of the relationship between the LULC and LST maps with landscape metrics was finally conducted to deepen understanding of their interactions. Results indicate that SMA-derived fraction images were effective for quantifying the urban morphology and for providing reliable measurements of biophysical variables. LST was found to be positively correlated with impervious surface fraction but negatively correlated with green vegetation fraction. Each temperature zone was associated with a dominant LULC category. Further research should be directed to the theoretical and applied implications of describing such relationships between LULC patterns and urban thermal conditions.

Bridging the divide in urban sustainability: from human exemptionalism to the new ecological paradigm

This paper reviews the main bodies of contemporary urban sustainability theory. From this analysis, two underpinning paradigms of urban sustainability are identified: (1) The ‘Human Exemptionalism Paradigm’ (HEP), which emphasizes the ability of humans to overcome environmental problems—see Urban Sociology, Urban Ecology, Urban Geography, Urban Psychology and Political Economy; and (2) The ‘New Ecological Paradigm’ (NEP), which emphasizes the criticality of ecological limits to human progress—see Urban Metabolism, Energy/Emergy Analysis and Ecological Footprinting. Each of these approaches is critically reviewed, highlighting their main assumptions, theoretical and practical foci. It is argued in the paper that if the related issues of urban sustainability and development are to be progressed, there needs to be: (1) a greater maturation of the NEP approaches, which are ‘relative newcomers’ to the area of urban theory; and (2) greater integration and dialogue between the HEP and NEP approaches to urban sustainability than has hitherto been the case.

Applications and Implementation A SEPARABLE PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO EXPECTED COVERAGE: AN APPLICATION TO AMBULANCE LOCATION

The maximum expected covering location problem (MEXCLP) is reformulated using a separable programming approach. The resulting formulation—nonlinear maximum expected covering location problem (NMEXCLP)—guarantees optimality and also solves more quickly than previous heuristic approaches. NMEXCLP allows two important extensions. First, minor formulation changes allow the specification of the minimum number of times each node is to be covered in order to satisfy expected coverage criteria. Second, coverage matrices can be constructed that consider two different types of coverage simultaneously. Both extensions are useful for ambulance location problems and are demonstrated in that setting.