Older LGBT Adult Training Panels: An Opportunity to Educate About Issues Faced by the Older LGBT Community

Older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adults face unique issues that can impede their well-being. Although many advances have helped address these issues, there is a need for education efforts that raise awareness of service providers about these issues. This study explores evaluation data of training panels provided by older LGBT adults and the views of training participants on issues faced by the older LGBT community after attending the panels. Participants were 605 students and professionals from over 34 education and communication settings. Implications for trainings on participants and older LGBT trainers are discussed.     

Undocumented workers in the labor market: an analysis of the earnings of legal and illegal Mexican immigrants in the United States

This paper studies the differences in earnings between Mexican legal and illegal immigrants in the United States. The analysis includes a cross-sectional examination of the wage differences between legal and undocumented workers as well as a longitudinal analysis examining the impact of legalization on the earnings of previously-undocumented workers. It is shown that the average hourly wage rate of male Mexican legal immigrants in the United States was 41.8% higher than that of undocumented workers while female legal immigrants earned 40.8% more. Though illegal immigrants have lower education and English proficiency, and a shorter period of residence in the United States, than legal immigrants, it is shown that differences in the observed characteristics of legal and illegal immigrants explain only 48% of the log-wage gap between male legal and illegal workers and 43% of the gap for women. An analysis of undocumented immigrants legalized after the 1986 U.S. immigration policy reform shows significant wage growth in the four years following legalization. These gains are due mostly to the change in legal status itself, not to changes in the characteristics of immigrants over time. Received: 7 July 1997/Accepted: 16 March 1998     

Measuring LGBTQ Microaggressions: The Sexual Orientation Microaggressions Scale (SOMS) and the Gender Identity Microaggressions Scale (GIMS)

ABSTRACT

Microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, intentional or unintentional, that demonstrate bias toward members of historically marginalized groups. While numerous quantitative studies on racial microaggressions have emerged in recent years, studies on sexual orientation and gender identity microaggressions have been mostly qualitative—likely due to limited measures of anti-LGBTQ microaggressions. In this three-part study, the Sexual Orientation Microaggressions Scale (SOMS) and the Gender Identity Microaggressions Scale (GIMS) are introduced to empirically explore the multifaceted experiences of microaggressions toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) people and transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people. In Study 1 (N = 260), a principal components analysis yielded a five-factor structure of sexual orientation microaggressions; in Study 2, a new sample (N = 140) is used to confirm the utility of the SOMS. In Study 3, the GIMS is piloted with a sample of TGNC participants (N = 160). Implications for future studies are discussed.     

Changes in the earnings of Arab men in the US between 2000 and 2002

Using public-use microdata samples from the American Community Survey, we find that Middle Eastern Arab men and Afghan, Iranian, and Pakistani men experienced a significant earnings decline relative to non-Hispanic whites between 2000 and 2002. Further analyses based on the Juhn–Murphy–Pierce wage decomposition technique as well as quantile regression indicate that this earnings decline is not explained by changes in the structure of wages or in observable characteristics beyond ethnicity. Our interpretation is that the unanticipated events of September 11th, 2001 negatively affected the labor-market income of the groups most closely associated with the ethnicity of the terrorists.

高等教育中学科/专业选择性别差异的调查分析——以华中师范大学本科生的专业选择为案例

随着我国高等教育事业的迅速发展,女性越来越多地参与到高等教育中来,但学科/专业的性别分化趋势也愈发明显。通过对案例院校本科生学科/专业选择的实证调查发现：本科生在院校、学科/专业选择的动机、过程、结果及满意度等方面都存在较明显的性别差异,但在选择专业过程中受到性别观念影响和对性别隔离现象的看法上不存在显著的性别差异。要解读这一现象,需要深入探究这种差异的＂合理性＂与＂非合理性＂,并就其背后可能隐含的性别化逻辑和社会结构性的规训进行分析,从观念、政策、制度等层面去思考与变革。     

On the Hypothesis of No Interaction on a Linear Scale in Contingency Tables

The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the three main formulations of no Interaction hypotheses in contingency tables and to consider the formulation on a linear scale in some detail.More specifically we (i) present a situation in 2×2 tables where such a formulation may be more appropriate than others, (ii) study the geometry for this problem, (iii) give contrast-type or parametric ANOVA type formulations in the general n-dimensional tables, (iv) discuss estimation and testing procedures and (v) consider collapsibility of contingency tables in relation to the hypotheses of no interaction on a linear scale.     

电信运营市场网间价格歧视的系统动力学模型及仿真

网间价格歧视是电信运营企业的一个重要竞争手段,运用系统动力学分析电信运营市场的这种价格竞争,结果表明,对于市场中的主导者来说实行网间价格歧视有利可图,对于追随者出于理性只能选择不实行网间价格歧视。这种主导者实行-追随者不实行的均衡,对增加社会福利是有利的。企业的市场地位是相对的概念,因此对于某些企业来说可能会表现为一个相对强势和相对弱势同时并存的局面,这使实行或不实行网间价格歧视成为一个两难选择。     

《广雅疏证》研究单音节同义词的方法

《广雅疏证》中有相当可观的同义词辨析语料,其中识同语料占绝大部分。借助这些语料,我们探讨了王氏辨析同义词在识同和辨异两方面的具体方法。在识同方面主要运用了文句归纳识同法、借古注识同法、用俗语识同法等。在辨异方面主要运用了语义界定辨异法、对文散文辨异法、别言合言辨异法等。     

人工智能介入量刑机制：困境、定位与解构

司法人工智能分为常规型人工智能与专业型人工智能,前者是将通用领域已经发展成熟的人工智能直接移植至司法领域而无需专门的算法更新,主要目的是将审判人员从繁重的"事务性"工作中解放出来,因而其也无法介入审判的核心内容;后者是诸如量刑辅助系统等专门为司法领域开发的介入审判实质内容的人工智能,其是司法人工智能的核心。当前司法人工智能的实践现状是常规型人工智能因其有坚实基础而卓有成效,但极为重要的专业型人工智能的开发与使用并不理想,主要原因是法学研究对专业型人工智能的研发理论供给不足,具体表现为"抽象有余而具象不足",其深层次原因在于法学专业知识与人工智能技术知识没有深度融合,即"懂技术的不懂法律,懂法律的不懂技术"。宏观层面,在智能爆炸不可预期的时空背景下,生命2.0阶段(文化阶段)或弱人工智能时代仍是当下及可预见未来所长期处于的阶段,故作为"工具"的量刑人工智能仍应定位于辅助量刑而非决定量刑,且基于量刑规范化改革的价值内涵,应更进一步地定位于规范性辅助而非参考性辅助,二者的区别是智能系统给出的阶段性量刑结论对法官的约束力大小。在微观层面,智能量刑系统的算法构建应以量刑逻辑主导算法逻辑为原则,以诸如量刑基准、不法刑等具有"共性"属性的阶段性量刑为作用领域而非其能力之外的终局性量刑结论(宣告刑);此外,为防止算法黑箱、算法歧视以及相关关系代替因果关系,须做到量刑人工智能的算法公开和阶段性量刑结论的可解释性。