论英国公众共用物进入法律制度及启示

公众共用物起源于古罗马法,其在英美法系国家之英国得到专门化规定。英国公众共用物法律不仅对其共用物进行明确定义,并构建公众共用物进入制度,从法律层面明确公众进入共用物的权利。这种公众进入权不仅是一种法律权利,更是一种习惯权利,是公众共同使用的权利。英国公众共用物进入法律制度启发我国公众共用物法治构建应突破传统私法的规制,在构建使用制度时应符合我国现实需求与法律文化的内涵与价值取向,有效缓解公众共用物悲剧的发生,保障公众的使用权利。     

贫困地区医疗资源配置与老年人健康

贫困地区农村老年人健康是合理优化农村医疗资源配置的重点。通过联立方程检验卫生可及性对农村老年人就医行为的影响,以及就医行为与健康之间的相互影响关系,研究发现：卫生可及性无论对老年人村镇医疗机构还是县市级医疗机构的选择均有显著影响,选择到村镇医疗机构就医的老年人有较好的健康自评状况,同时健康自评越高的老年人到村镇医疗机构就医的概率越高;而选择到县市级医疗机构就医的老年人健康自评相对较差。同时,健康知识无论对老年人自身健康状况还是就医行为,都有显著的正向作用。     

有优先级话音业务的PPRMA协议性能分析

研究了ＰＲＭＡ（分组预约多址协议）中话音业务具有多种优先级的情况,采用平衡点分析法（ＥＰＡ）推导了话音分组丢失率和平均延迟时间的计算式。给出的计算和仿真结果表明,ＰＲＭＡ可以支持ＶＢＲ语音和低速数据业务的综合传输,但当系统中有多种优先级别的语音终端时,系统容量存在门限效应。     

Moving on from ramps? The utility of the social model of disability for facilitating experiences of nature for disabled children

Experiences of nature have been shown to be beneficial for disabled children; however, opportunities for disabled children to experience nature are often limited. The social model of disability may provide a theoretical base for increasing access to nature for pupils at Special Educational Needs (SEN) schools. Using results from interviews conducted with teachers from seven SEN schools, considered alongside responses from interviews with staff from six environmental centres, this paper seeks to identify the specific constraints that may act upon the opportunities for disabled pupils to visit environmental centres. The research finds that a ‘medicalised’ approach to access may impede upon environmental centres’ ability to cater effectively to the needs of SEN school groups. Dialogue between environmental centres and SEN school teachers is recommended as a means of facilitating SEN school group access.     

Where Publics May Touch

ABSTRACT

In response to the unique sensory modes of blind and partially sighted communities, tactile and multisensory tours and exhibition components of museum collections are gradually becoming more common in North America and Europe. Such initiatives are often intended to give equal forms of access for diverse participating publics. This article provides an auto-ethnographic report on the tactile tours offered by The National Gallery of Canada (Ottawa) program “Stimulating the Senses,” and gives context for sensorial models at play in Western museums today. Museum strategies that encourage intersensorial awareness and access are also discussed. Attention is given to the performative properties of these tours, and the variety of encounter they encourage between publics. This article also includes accounts of the program by its supervisor and coordinator, as well as from a participant. Key questions this article explores are: do such tours in fact give equal access; what motivates the development of such programs in Canadian institutions; and what outcomes are realized through these programs?     

Reserving Capacity for Urgent Patients in Primary Care

This paper examines the effect of the common practice of reserving slots for urgent patients in a primary health care practice on two service quality measures: the average number of urgent patients that are not handled during normal hours (either handled as overtime, referred to other physicians, or referred to the emergency room) and the average queue of non‐urgent or routine patients. We formulate a stochastic model of appointment scheduling in a primary care practice. We conduct numerical experiments to optimize the performance of this system accounting for revenue and these two service quality measures as a function of the number of reserved slots for urgent patients. We compare traditional methods with the advanced‐access system advocated by some physicians, in which urgent slots are not reserved, and evaluate the conditions under which alternative appointment scheduling mechanisms are optimal. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of patient arrival dynamics to their relative performance finding that encouraging routine patients to call for same‐day appointments is a key ingredient for the success of advanced‐access.     

WTO框架下中国电信市场的外资准入限制分析

电信服务业是其他服务贸易得以开展的基础,中国的入世对于外国电信服务营运商来说意味着一个拥有巨大潜力的市场。本文将从当前中国电信市场存在的对外国营运商的准入限制着手,指出当前中国电信政策与WTO相关规定不符合的地方。同时结合我国《加入议定书》中的义务来分析当前电信市场准入制度的不足。     

企业进入权、组织控制与跨国公司专用性投资激励

论文从国际生产组织控制视角,将Rajan和Zingales^[1]进入权思想融入国际生产与贸易模型中,研究跨国公司专用性投资激励问题。研究发现,在进入权的机会控制和数量调整机制作用下,跨国公司通过限制进入、替代竞争来激发当地供应商做出事前定制投资、分摊投资和事后最优专用性投资,确保获取合意投入品和预期最大化利润。当前,政府要引导外向企业致力于微观企业主体的制度建设和组织能力培养,构建起中国国际生产网络及其组织机制,为推进对外直接投资和企业国际化经营提供微观保障。     

Improved adaptive group testing algorithms with applications to multiple access channels and dead sensor diagnosis

We study group-testing algorithms for resolving broadcast conflicts on a multiple access channel (MAC) and for identifying the dead sensors in a mobile ad hoc wireless network. In group-testing algorithms, we are asked to identify all the defective items in a set of items when we can test arbitrary subsets of items. In the standard group-testing problem, the result of a test is binary—the tested subset either contains defective items or not. In the more generalized versions we study in this paper, the result of each test is non-binary. For example, it may indicate whether the number of defective items contained in the tested subset is zero, one, or at least two. We give adaptive algorithms that are provably more efficient than previous group testing algorithms. We also show how our algorithms can be applied to solve conflict resolution on a MAC and dead sensor diagnosis. Dead sensor diagnosis poses an interesting challenge compared to MAC resolution, because dead sensors are not locally detectable, nor are they themselves active participants. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at SPAA 2006.     

Why Ugandan rural households are opting to pay community health insurance rather than use the free healthcare services

Twikirize JM, O'Brien C. Why Ugandan rural households are opting to pay community health insurance rather than use the free healthcare services Uganda reintroduced free healthcare in 2001, but today, nine years later, less than 30 per cent of the population are using these services. This study investigated why rural households were under‐utilising the government's free health services and turning to community health insurance instead. A survey carried out on 260 randomly selected households was triangulated with qualitative data gained from 3 focus groups and 12 in‐depth interviews. The findings showed that 21 per cent of the households always accessed the government's free health services, while 79 per cent used private health services. The reasons given were poor quality services, including frequent drug stock‐outs, unmotivated and insufficiently trained health personnel, and overcrowding. Factors influencing enrolment in community health insurance included easier access to healthcare, financial protection against the cost of care, better quality care and benefits related to mutual assistance. This has both practical and policy implications, which are discussed in this article.