Religion in the Lives of Older Women Serving Life in Prison

This exploratory qualitative study examined the roles of religiousness in the lives of 21 older women (mean age = 63) serving life sentences in one southern state. Based on survey and focus group methodology, several themes emerged as important focal points, including early religious experiences prior to incarceration, imprisonment and religious doubt, participation in formal and informal religious activities, and use of religion in coping with stressors such as interpersonal relationships, trauma, and health statuses. Irrespective of their religious upbringing, all participants agreed that religiosity/spirituality played a key role in their ability to cope with their prison experience as well as for maintaining hope and the opportunity for release.     

转变发展方式必须率先转变调整结构的方式

面对新的发展形势和经济任务，应该明确提出产业结构调整的新思路，即政府创造条件，靠市场来调结构。“十二五”期间，最优先考虑的问题应该是如何改革、如何转变结构调整的方式。倘若“调结构”的方式、特别是实体经济中制造业“调结构”的方式不能率先改革，转变发展方式的诸多目标就有可能落空。“十二五”期间的政策落脚点在于继续加快培育“统一开放、竞争有序”的现代市场体系的进程，切实贯彻中央一再强调的“资源配置要建立在市场调节的基础上”的施政原则，把产业结构的市场化调节落到实处。对于以制造业为基础的结构存量调整的方式，要基本实现从行政化到市场化的转变，强化金融、商贸等服务业的疏导、中介功能，创建有利于推进服务业深度参与存量结构调整和产业升级的体制政策环境。     

Risk Assessment for Hospital-Acquired Diseases: A Risk-Theory Approach

We introduce a new approach to hospital-acquired disease risk assessment from public health databases. In a spirit similar to actuarial risk theory, we define an adjustment coefficient that can quantify the risk associated with a hospital department, allowing comparisons of similar departments. The adjustment coefficient characterizes the tail of the distribution of the total patient length of stay in a department before the first disease event occurs. We show that this coefficient is the solution of a Lundberg-like equation, and we provide a nonparametric estimation procedure for this measure, based on a Cramér-Lundberg approximation for the tail of the distribution. Using simulations, we provide evidence of the robustness of the approximation to various individual risk models. In addition, we illustrate the relevance of this approach by evaluating the risk associated with a standard patient safety indicator in 20 hospitals of southeastern France.     

兰州城关区回族居住格局研究

本文运用都市人类学的研究方法,对兰州市城关区回族的居住格局进行了研究。研究表明,随着民族迁移、社会发展、城市化进程的加快,聚居区转变为杂居区,以及城区边缘地带出现的新聚居区,这种变化还在进行之中。这种居住格局的变化虽然促进了民族团结、社会安定与发展,但是也出现了一些新问题。为此,本文对未来回族的居住格局进行了初步设想。     

从国际视野看研究生教育成本分担

在西方国家,研究生交费入学,即生均教育成本分担被视为必然现象。如何联系我国研究生教育发展的实际,积极借鉴发达国家发展研究生教育的经验,把制订研究生教育成本分担与资助政策作为推进我国研究生教育运行机制改革的有效手段,已成为人们关注的焦点。建议在构建我国研究生教育投资主体多元化与资助政策的过程中,积极引进政策调节与市场竞争相结合的机制;实行研究生教育成本分担与资助的政策措施要与高校内部管理体制的改革有机结合起来。     

Consumption Commitments and Habit Formation

We analyze the implications of household‐level adjustment costs for the dynamics of aggregate consumption. We show that an economy in which agents have “consumption commitments” is approximately equivalent to a habit formation model in which the habit stock is a weighted average of past consumption if idiosyncratic risk is large relative to aggregate risk. Consumption commitments can thus explain the empirical regularity that consumption is excessively sensitive and excessively smooth, findings that are typically attributed to habit formation. Unlike habit formation and other theories, but consistent with empirical evidence, the consumption commitments model also predicts that excess sensitivity and smoothness vanish for large shocks. These results suggest that behavior previously attributed to habit formation may be better explained by adjustment costs. We develop additional testable predictions to further distinguish the commitment and habit models and show that the two models have different welfare implications.     

Inventory‐Based Dynamic Pricing with Costly Price Adjustment

We study an average‐cost stochastic inventory control problem in which the firm can replenish inventory and adjust the price at anytime. We establish the optimality to change the price from low to high in each replenishment cycle as inventory is depleted. With costly price adjustment, scale economies of inventory replenishment are reflected in the cycle time instead of lot size—An increased fixed ordering cost leads to an extended replenishment cycle but does not necessarily increase the order quantity. A reduced marginal cost of ordering calls for an increased order quantity, as well as speeding up product selling within a cycle. We derive useful properties of the profit function that allows for reducing computational complexity of the problem. For systems requiring short replenishment cycles, the optimal solution can be easily computed by applying these properties. For systems requiring long replenishment cycles, we further consider a relaxed problem that is computational tractable. Under this relaxation, the sum of fixed ordering cost and price adjustment cost is equal to (greater than, less than) the total inventory holding cost within a replenishment cycle when the inventory holding cost is linear (convex, concave) in the stock level. Moreover, under the optimal solution, the time‐average profit is the same across all price segments when the inventory holding cost is accounted properly. Through a numerical study, we demonstrate that inventory‐based dynamic pricing can lead to significant profit improvement compared with static pricing and limited price adjustment can yield a benefit that is close to unlimited price adjustment. To be able to enjoy the benefit of dynamic pricing, however, it is important to appropriately choose inventory levels at which the price is revised.     

中国粮食增产的主要因素贡献分解与实证估算

已有测算中国粮食增产要素贡献率的方法存在虚增或低估某要素贡献率的缺陷,文章通过改进粮食增产贡献率测算方法实证估计了2003—2016年期间单产、播种面积和结构调整对中国粮食增产的贡献。结果表明,中国粮食实现“十二连增”的巨大成就主要是单产增长贡献,年均贡献率50%以上,播种面积和作物内部结构调整也是不可忽视的重要力量,年均贡献率分别为30%与10%以上。然而,未来中国粮食增产依靠播种面积扩大和结构调整的空间变窄,需要探索新的增产路径。     

如何解释资本结构的调整方式和速度--基于福耀玻璃的案例分析与讨论

以现有资本结构理论为基础,试图寻找能解释各种典型公司资本结构调整方式和速度的理论框架。首先以案例分析为基础分析了主流资本结构理论对案例公司资本结构调整方式的解释程度和解释异同。然后结合公司的财务政策,定性分析了主流理论对于资本结构调整方式存在解释异同的背后原因以及将主流理论融合的理论框架。认为从资金供需的角度理解权衡理论和优序融资理论以及市场择时理论,可以将这些主流理论统一起来解释各种典型的资本结构调整方式。同时,发现以计量模型估算的资本结构调整速度推断资本结构调整到目标水平所需的时间,会误导人们对于资本结构调整方式的理解。     

陈大为:新生代意识的诠释者

陈大为以教学、研究、创作"三栖"的状态表明着他作为新生代意识的阐释者的地位,他往往以"先发制人"的理论、挑战的姿态去揭示抑制在现行文学秩序深层的盲视,又"后发制人"地以自身的创作实践拓展颠覆既存意识形态的潜能。他的诗更以其反僵化的突围意识、"边缘"的移民史观和创作主体性、对"诗的故乡"的呵护等,呈现出南洋新生代的创作追求。他的典律构建视野的扩大,更意味着文学史将接纳新生代,而且是以改变自身的根本性格局来接纳他们。