Reporting cumulative proportion of subjects with an adverse event based on data from multiple studies

Experience has shown us that when data are pooled from multiple studies to create an integrated summary, an analysis based on naïvely‐pooled data is vulnerable to the mischief of Simpson's Paradox. Using the proportions of patients with a target adverse event (AE) as an example, we demonstrate the Paradox's effect on both the comparison and the estimation of the proportions. While meta analytic approaches have been recommended and increasingly used for comparing safety data between treatments, reporting proportions of subjects experiencing a target AE based on data from multiple studies has received little attention. In this paper, we suggest two possible approaches to report these cumulative proportions. In addition, we urge that regulatory guidelines on reporting such proportions be established so that risks can be communicated in a scientifically defensible and balanced manner. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cultural Factors in Collegiate Eating Disorder Pathology: When Family Culture Clashes With Individual Culture

Objective: The authors evaluated the validity of familial enmeshment (extreme proximity in family relationships) as a risk factor for eating disorders across cultural value orientations. They tested the hypothesis that although familial enmeshment may be a risk factor for eating disorder pathology for (1) participants of non-Asian descent or (2) culturally independent participants, enmeshment will not be a risk factor for (1) participants of Asian descent or (2) culturally interdependent participants. Participants: 255 undergraduate women participated. Methods: Participants completed questionnaires on cultural value orientations, enmeshment, and eating disorder pathology. Results: As hypothesized, enmeshment was related to eating disorder pathology in non-Asian American and culturally independent participants, but not in Asian American and culturally interdependent participants. Conclusions: Depending on cultural values, enmeshment may or may not be a risk factor for eating disorders. This study highlights the importance of examining risk factors in the appropriate cultural framework when considering college student mental health.     

The Contribution of Internal and External Resources to Emotional Adjustment: A Comparison of At-Risk and Normative Adolescents

The article discusses the differences between normative and at-risk adolescents with regard to the contribution of background variables (gender and age), internal resources (mastery and emotional maturity), and external resources (parental support and peer support) to their emotional adjustment. The results indicate lower levels of mastery, emotional maturity, parental, and peer support among the at-risk adolescents, than the normative adolescents, and the former display more emotional symptoms. The findings also show that gender does not contribute to emotional adjustment in either research group. In the normative group, the age of the adolescent was found to have a small contribution. With regard to internal resources, while both mastery and emotional maturity were found to contribute significantly in the at-risk group, only the emotional maturity of the adolescent was found to contribute in the normative group. Of the external resources, contrary to the research hypotheses, the contribution of peer support was not found to be higher in the normative group. In both groups, and particularly the normative one, parental support contributed to emotional adjustment. The discussion suggests explanations for the research findings and their implications, as well as recommendations for further research.     

辽宁与朝鲜经贸合作的战略思考

辽宁省边境地区与朝鲜的经济贸易合作不仅是辽宁对外开放总体战略的重要组成部分,而且关系到我国的国家利益。分析了中朝双方经贸合作的基础和优势,对双方经贸合作的现状和存在的问题进行了较深入地探讨,并提出了加强双方贸易秩序管理,建立贸易信息平台,广泛开展多方式、多层次的经贸合作等相应的对策和建议。     

论伯顿·克拉克在《高等教育系统》中对混沌理论的运用

文章通过分析混沌理论在伯顿·克拉克<高等教育系统一学术组织的跨国研究>一书中的运用,认为其关于高等教育系统的中层结构的阐述存在不足,并试运用混沌理论对中层结构在高等教育系统中的有序和无序进行补充分析.     

论学校管理伦理的四大功能

学校管理伦理具有导向功能、调节功能、激励功能、教化功能。认识学校管理伦理的这些功能,可以让我们从动态上整体地把握学校管理伦理的本质和特征,深入了解学校管理伦理对于学校管理活动的重要意义和价值。     

浅析存货暂估入账的具体账务处理

本文着眼于从实务的角度的,从要不要暂估增值税、如何设置会计科目、要不要每月月初冲回、如何对应每一笔暂估账款及要不要进行纳税调整等角度探讨存货暂估入账的具体会计处理。     

大学生网络成瘾的原因及干预

介绍大学生网络成瘾的现状、危害及类型;揭示了大学生网络成瘾主要来自于抑郁的人格特质、不健康的应对方式、不和谐的家庭环境、存在人际交往障碍、逃避不够理想的现实、周围环境的不良影响等方面;并提出了一些相应的干预措施。     

试论网络传播与记者传播方式的调适

:作为第四大传播媒介 ,互联网以其交互性、信息量大、传播权利平等 ,将传统媒体整合为一等巨大优势 ,对传统媒体 (广播、电视、报纸等 )构成威胁。但网络时代的到来并不意味着传统媒体记者“下岗时代的来临”,只要记者面对新兴媒体作传播方式的调适 ,即转换传播观念、重新认识受众、提高质量意识、学会数字化生存和“超链接”文本写作等 ,记者仍然是网络新闻传播的主力军     

震后早期心理辅导探讨

5·12汶川大地震后,心理援助的重要性受到前所未有的关注.震后人们会出现不同程度的心理应激反应,相当比例的人会出现心理应激障碍.针对这些问题应进行适当的早期心理辅导.早期心理辅导应以创伤后危机干预为思路,以缓解应激障碍相关症状、预防创伤后危机障碍的发生为主要目标,采取心理急救、严重事件应激晤谈、认知行为疗法等方法进行治疗.另外,从这些方法中可归纳出共同的、可用于早期心理辅导的原则:支持性原则、正常化原则、重视社会支持原则、个性化原则等.