戈尔德斯坦的机体动力思想初探

戈尔德斯坦是自我实现论的首创者 ,他的自我实现观点对以后的人本主义心理学的发展起着重要作用。戈尔德斯坦在自己研究和实践中系统地提出了心理发展的机体动力思想 ,包括等势原则、自我实现和顺应 (有机体与环境协调一致 )等概念。其机体动力观既反对弗洛伊德把性本能作为行为的惟一动力[1] (P80 ) ,又反对行为主义的机械反射论 ,他认为机体不断地寻求平衡 ,不断地完善自我的过程是有机体发展的真正动力。戈尔德斯担的机体论是对人类心理学研究历史的一大贡献     

Bayes linear computation: concepts,implementation and programs

We demonstrate how Bayes linear methods, based on partial prior specifications, bring us quickly to the heart of otherwise complex problems, giving us natural and systematic tools for evaluating our analyses which are not readily available in the usual Bayes formalism. We illustrate the approach using an example concerning problems of prediction in a large brewery. We describe the computer language [B/D] (an acronym for beliefs adjusted by data), which implements the approach. [B/D] incorporates a natural graphical representation of the analysis, providing a powerful way of thinking about the process of knowledge formulation and criticism which is also accessible to non-technical users.     

Neighborhood responses to disorder and local attachments: The systemic model of attachment,social disorganization,and neighborhood use value

This paper investigates neighborhood-level connections between ecological structure, responses to disorder, and local attachment and social involvement. We develop predictions integrating the systemic model of community attachment, neighborhood use value, and the social disorganization perspective. The systemic model predicts neighborhood stability will deepen attachment and local involvement; the social disorganization perspective anticipates effects of stability on responses to disorder; and neighborhood use value suggests effects of status, racial composition, and problems such as crime and deterioration on attachment. We further propose, building on earlier work, that attachment may influence responses to disorder, or vice versa. Data include resident surveys, census information, on-site assessments, and crime rates from 66 randomly selected Baltimore, Maryland, neighborhoods. In support, respectively, of the systemic and neighborhood use value models, we find strong impacts of stability and class on neighborhood attachment/involvement. Neighborhood fear and perceived informal social control depend upon emotional investment and social integration. We see no overall impacts of deterioration on responses to disorder, calling into question some key aspects of the incivilities thesis. Earlier investigations of deterioration and responses to disorder that excluded person-place transactions may have been misspecified. Results underscore the strong relationship between person-environment transactions and responses to disorder. Asking how to encourage citizens to resist disorder is questioning, in part, how to increase the bonds residents have with the locale and with one another. Portions of an earlier version of this paper were presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Los Angeles, August 1994.     

Structural and Supportive Changes in Couples' Family and Friendship Networks Across the Transition to Parenthood

This article prospectively examined the patterns of change in couples' family and friend networks and supports across the transition to parenthood as well as stability in individual differences over time. Additionally, parental adjustment and depression were examined with respect to changes in couples' social systems. Participants included a total of 137 couples recruited prior to the birth of their first child from prenatal clinics in rural North Carolina. Couples were interviewed about their social networks and supports at four different time periods: prenatally and when target children were 3, 12, and 24 months of age. Couples also completed measures of depression and adjustment at each of the time periods. Across‐time correlations computed for the social network, support, and parental functioning variables revealed that there was considerable stability in the rank ordering of husbands and wives from the prenatal period through 24 months postpartum documenting continuity in parental networks in the context of change. However, growth curve analyses revealed dynamic changes in mothers' and fathers' social systems during this transition and that many of these changes were related to parental adjustment and depression. The discussion highlights the contribution of these data to understanding continuities and discontinuities in mothers' and fathers' social networks over time.     

Pandora's Box: The Effect of Diagnostic Disclosure on a Depressed Patient

There is a dearth of literature on the effect of disclosure of psychiatric diagnosis on treatment. A case is presented in which the therapist suggests a depressed patient may be bipolar. Three concepts are utilized to understand the resultant impasse: empathic failure (Kohut, 1984), intersubjective disjunction (Atwood & Stolorow, 1984), and projective identification and the subjugating third (Ogden, 1994). Further research is needed to work more sensitively, effectively, and responsibly in the area of diagnostic disclosure.     

高校师生关系的特点和道德调节

师生关系是高等学校中最常见、最重要的人际关系之一。高校师生关系是一种教育者与被教育者的关系。它不仅具有双方在知识、地位、层次上的差异性 ,而且存在情感和期待的互动以及评价标准冲突等特点。本文通过对师生矛盾冲突原因的分析 ,以归纳出解决矛盾 ,协调师生关系的主要师德规范 :确立学生应有主体地位的观念 ,尊重学生、关心学生、严格要求学生。     

The relationship between newcomer expectations of job stressors and adjustment to the new job

This study examined the relationship between unrealistic expectations of organizational newcomers regarding job stressors and subsequent adjustment to the new job. Using a sample of 91 new employees, measures of expected stressors (gathered prior to the first day of work) were compared with stressors reported after six months on the job. The study examined the relationship between the accuracy of expected stressors (demands) and three indicators of job adjustment: job satisfaction; job involvement; and distress symptoms. The results provided partial support for the hypothesis that newcomers who underestimate job stressors have more difficulty adjusting on the new job than do newcomers who overestimate job stressors.     

关于价格弹性理论的一点探讨

在价格弹性与销售收益之间的关系上 ,传统的价格弹性理论中存在着明显的缺陷 ,要增加销售收益 ,不仅要根据价格弹性是否大于 1来进行价格调节 ,而且在其他条件不变的情况下 ,价格调节本身必须在一定的幅度内进行     

WTO下产业结构调整若干问题综述

我国加入WTO后 ,产业结构调整受到很大的冲击 ,采取积极态度 ,迎接这一挑战成为当务之急。本文从产业结构调整的主体、面临的问题、选择的政策导向和措施等四个方面作了综述。     

入世与我国政府行政关系的调整

行政关系,是指政府在进行行政管理过程中所实际形成的各种关系的总和,包括内部和外部两方面的指向,涉及中央与地方、地方与地方、政府与企业、政府与市场、政府与社会等诸多关系。我国加入WTO后,就意味着我国政府要遵守WTO规则,并承担相应的义务。目前,我国政府的行政关系中存在着许多与WTO规则相抵触的方面。面对WTO带来的崭新要求与巨大压力,我们应从内部和外部两方面着手,加快行政关系的调整,以适应WTO的法律规则,促进我国经济的发展。