试论延吉城市旅游形象设计

在延吉城市旅游形象的诸要素中,民俗要素最为重要,因此,在对延吉城市旅游形象进行定位时,无论是从延吉城市形象的硬件上(如交通、餐饮),还是在城市旅游形象的软件上(如市民素质、民俗民风等方面),都要突出民俗特色,同时要用多种形式大力宣传。     

Middle School Children's Perceptions on Welfare and Poverty: An Exploratory, Qualitative Study

This study was undertaken to determine how middle school children assess the effects of welfare reform on their daily lives. The study consisted of thirty interviews with children and their mothers recruited from a middle school in a large, metropolitan area. From the children's perspective, multiple jobs and evening/night hours interfered with the child-parent relationship. Other consequences included grades going down and not getting to school on time. All the children stated that mothers should work, but most children felt mothers should only work when their children are in school. Welfare and poverty were issues about which children were teased at school.     

Japan's “New Homeless”

Since the mid-1990s, homelessness has become a major issue of public discussion in Japan, and is often viewed as a new social problem facing Japanese society. The issue of homelessness contrasts images of the absence of poverty and homelessness in postwar Japan, often explained based on the unique features of Japanese-style employment and welfare, containing poverty and unemployment. This paper contrasts these views with a perspective on the continuity of poverty, and homelessness in postwar Japan. Specifically, I discuss the characteristics of homelessness in Tokyo, how they relate to the structure of the economy and employment practices, and how the problems of today's homeless are accommodated in the welfare system. I argue that the homeless cast light on patterns of loss of employment, housing, and means of subsistence, characteristic to Japan's economy and welfare system, and contribute to a new understanding of the dynamics of poverty in contemporary Japan.     

Spatial variation in soil inorganic nitrogen across an arid urban ecosystem

We explored variations in inorganic soil nitrogen (N) concentrations across metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, and the surrounding desert using a probability-based synoptic survey. Data were examined using spatial statistics on the entire region, as well as for the desert and urban sites separately. Concentrations of both NO₃-N and NH₄-N were markedly higher and more heterogeneous amongst urban compared to desert soils. Regional variation in soil NO₃-N concentration was best explained by latitude, land use history, population density, along with percent cover of impervious surfaces and lawn, whereas soil NH₄-N concentrations were related to only latitude and population density. Within the urban area, patterns in both soil NO₃-N and NH₄-N were best predicted by elevation, population density and type of irrigation in the surrounding neighborhood. Spatial autocorrelation of soil NO₃-N concentrations explained 49% of variation among desert sites but was absent between urban sites. We suggest that inorganic soil N concentrations are controlled by a number of ‘local’ or ‘neighborhood’ human-related drivers in the city, rather than factors related to an urban-rural gradient.     

城市森林效益与可持续性研究展望

正确认识城市森林的功能和效益 ,探索不同管理措施对城市森林效益的影响 ,对实现城市森林的可持续性具有十分重要的意义。本文综述了城市森林对生态环境和生态过程产生的影响及生态和社会效益 ;分析了城市森林可持续性的内涵及特征 ;对城市森林可持续性模式及评价标准、城市森林生态学等领域的研究成果和发展方向进行了归纳分析。在分析目前我国城市生态环境面临的问题的基础上 ,进一步提出城市森林是构建城市绿色空间的主体。建设可持续城市森林是实现城市经济和环境可持续发展的重要途径。     

论文化链接下的语言研究

“文化——语言”研究是一种立足于语言学而又导入了文化因素的语言研究方式,故称为文化链接下的语言研究。本文分析了这种语言研究方式的类型及主要研究方法,并且在对以往的“文化——语言”研究进行评价的基础上,提出对这项研究的深层思考。     

善治理论与中国地方治理

地方治理意味着地方政府从中央一体化的垂直结构下抽身,确立自身的独立地位与利益;同时,它也表征着民间社会力量的成长并逐步参与地方公共事务,成为地方治理中重要的参与性力量。在此意义上,善治理论提供了具有借鉴意义的理论框架和分析范式。但是,处于转型期的中国社会,在用善治理论观照中国地方治理时,其前提和基础条件的具备与否是受到质疑的,从而,这一分析框架的适用性也是有限的。     

培养高素质人才要坚持科技教育与人文教育相结合

结合 2 1世纪“知识经济”的特点及我国国情 ,分析指出我国必须重视科技教育 ,培养大批科技人才。并且通过论述人文素质对科技人才的重要性 ,阐明了培养高素质人才要坚持科技教育与人文教育相结合的观点     

Type I error rates from likelihood‐based repeated measures analyses of incomplete longitudinal data

The last observation carried forward (LOCF) approach is commonly utilized to handle missing values in the primary analysis of clinical trials. However, recent evidence suggests that likelihood‐based analyses developed under the missing at random (MAR) framework are sensible alternatives. The objective of this study was to assess the Type I error rates from a likelihood‐based MAR approach – mixed‐model repeated measures (MMRM) – compared with LOCF when estimating treatment contrasts for mean change from baseline to endpoint (Δ). Data emulating neuropsychiatric clinical trials were simulated in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of scenarios, using four patterns of mean changes over time and four strategies for deleting data to generate subject dropout via an MAR mechanism. In data with no dropout, estimates of Δ and SE_Δ from MMRM and LOCF were identical. In data with dropout, the Type I error rates (averaged across all scenarios) for MMRM and LOCF were 5.49% and 16.76%, respectively. In 11 of the 16 scenarios, the Type I error rate from MMRM was at least 1.00% closer to the expected rate of 5.00% than the corresponding rate from LOCF. In no scenario did LOCF yield a Type I error rate that was at least 1.00% closer to the expected rate than the corresponding rate from MMRM. The average estimate of SE_Δ from MMRM was greater in data with dropout than in complete data, whereas the average estimate of SE_Δ from LOCF was smaller in data with dropout than in complete data, suggesting that standard errors from MMRM better reflected the uncertainty in the data. The results from this investigation support those from previous studies, which found that MMRM provided reasonable control of Type I error even in the presence of MNAR missingness. No universally best approach to analysis of longitudinal data exists. However, likelihood‐based MAR approaches have been shown to perform well in a variety of situations and are a sensible alternative to the LOCF approach. MNAR methods can be used within a sensitivity analysis framework to test the potential presence and impact of MNAR data, thereby assessing robustness of results from an MAR method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

唐宋变革论体系的演化

自近代以来，由日本学者构筑的唐宋变革论体系，伴随时代的发展与新的知识资源的扩充，呈现出不断发展变化的趋势。本文旨在揭示这一演化的历史过程，尝试着分析这一过程变动发展的原因，并由此作出区别于以往的评价。