二元经济"结构下的农村养老保障改革思路

目前中国的养老保障体制,是城乡有别的结构性养老体制,城乡养老保障在制度与水平上的差异,根源于中国的"二元经济"结构。农村养老保障制度的改革已远远落后于"二元经济"结构的变动,要改变现状可从三方面入手:一是加快城市化进程,二是暂时维护家庭养老这一保障体系,"以时间换空间",三是发展市场取向的农村养老保障事业。     

Evaluation of Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Parenting in the Italian Context: Adaptation of a French Questionnaire

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Italian version of a French scale to detect attitudes toward same-sex parenting. The Italian sample was split into two subsamples. On one, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to detect the factor structure of the Italian scale, and on the other, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was run to find the data’s best fit model. The scales’ internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. The questionnaire’s convergent validity was also evaluated. EFA extracted a four-factor solution, in accordance with the original French scale’s validation study. CFA showed that the translated scale had good consistency, similar to that of the original version, showing satisfactory internal consistency for three of four subscales. There will be benefits to further validation studies of the translated scale on the Italian population and it may possibly be innovative and useful in both research and social fields.     

Children residing with no parent present

Although foster care and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families “child-only” caseloads have fallen from heights in the 1990s, detailed household relationship data from panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) establish that the share of children residing with no parent present (NoPP) has been rising for decades. Characteristics of NoPP children and the composition and poverty rates of their households are traced over time. Most NoPP spells are found to last 2 years or more. Special attention is paid to “informal care” children, the majority of NoPP children not in contact with foster care or income support programs designed to assist children with no parent present and provide access to health care. By several measures of well-being, informal care children occupy a margin between all children and other NoPP children. Children residing with only one parent are at higher risk of entering NoPP status than those with both parents present.     

Parent Management Training, Relationships with Agency Staff, and Child Mental Health: Urban Foster Parents' Perspectives

Many foster parents are ill prepared to meet the behavioral needs of children placed in their homes. Research suggests they lack training in evidence-based behavioral interventions and feel unsupported by child welfare professionals. Given the complex needs of foster children and increased rates of placement disruption for foster children with behavior problems, implementation of effective interventions is essential. However, little is known about foster parents' receptivity to these types of interventions. In this qualitative study, we examine urban foster parents' perceptions of the specific elements of parent management training (PMT), an evidence-based treatment for disruptive behaviors that teaches parents to improve desired behaviors and decrease oppositional behaviors by rewarding positive behaviors (positive reinforcement) and responding to negative behaviors with mild, consistent punishments such as timeout or a privilege removal. We present data from four focus groups (N = 38). While the questions focused on parent's perceptions of PMT, responses often related to parent interactions with agency staff. Four strong themes emerged from the data. First, foster parents discussed a need for more support and training in how to address children's behaviors, but also had concerns that some PMT discipline techniques would be ineffective based on their past experiences with foster children. Second, they described how staff communication skills and allegations of child abuse could affect parents' motivation to continue fostering. Third, they expressed a need for more detailed information about children's histories and visits with biological families as the lack of information contributed to difficulty in meeting foster children's needs. They suggested that joint training of foster parents and staff in the intervention could improve their ability to work together to support the child's positive behaviors. Finally, parents reported little involvement in child mental health services and doubted the effectiveness of the mental health services their foster children received.     

The journey to adopt a child who has special needs: Parents' perspectives

Many of the children eligible for adoption from the public child welfare system are considered to have special needs. Given the importance of securing adoptive families for these children, knowing more about the adoption process as it is experienced by prospective parents who complete (or are in the process of completing) their adoption pursuit and those who discontinue it are critical. Using qualitative inquiry, prospective adoptive parents in nine families were studied in an effort to learn more about their motivations, expectations, preparation, and experiences. Although the adoption outcome (continued versus discontinued) was different, the process, including negative experiences, was quite similar. Programming implications and suggestions for future research are offered.     

论“工农兵文学”的独特样式

20世纪40年代毛泽东提出的文艺"工农兵方向",催生了一种新的文学样式——"工农兵文学"。其样式特点是:政治化的生活事件和政策性的表述;预期性的情节发展和合目的性的效果;从政治着笔的人物描写和政治性的褒贬态度;公众化的意识和直奔的主题;民族化的体式和大众化的语言。这一样式不是模式,而是一种文学的类型。在当今,它不但有存在的合理性,而且有发展的可能性。     

Adoptive family life and adoption support: policy ambivalence and the development of effective services

Adoption policy and practice in England is being ‘modernized’ in order to increase the number of permanent placements for children in public care. Success depends on improving adoption services as well as reforming the adoption process itself. To this end the Adoption and Children Act 2002 places new duties on local authorities to ensure greater consistency and quality of service in adoption support as well as in care planning. Questions now arise locally about what priority and focus to give to adoption support. Yet service development is inhibited by the ambivalence of New Labour about exactly what it is that adoption support is supposed to be supporting and how. Funds are limited and service re‐organization is always difficult to achieve. However, mixed policy messages result largely from the ambiguous social role and expectations of adoptive family life and kinship. In law adoption replicates the autonomous normative birth family whilst in policy it provides reparative parenting for particularly vulnerable children. A lack of clarity about the claims for support of those affected by adoption results. This paper argues a fresh case for the distinctive claims of adoptive family life for support. It suggests how new thinking about adoptive family life and kinship might stimulate local service collaboration and effective adoption support.     

Children whose parents misuse alcohol: a study of services and needs

Despite the fact that many children are affected by parental alcohol misuse, both services and research have largely concentrated on adults. Recently, projects have been set up to assist children, but developments have been piecemeal. This article reports on a qualitative study which learned directly from children, their parents and some young adults what they saw as the effects on children of excessive drinking by one or both parents. The most common consequences were distress at witnessing violence to the other parent or to the home; verbal abuse towards the children; feelings of shame; and taking on caring and protective roles. However, the children were not passive victims and usually took active steps to tackle the drinking or modify its impact Those in the sample usually had at least one family member who helped them and was trusted. Nevertheless, many wished they could meet with others in the same position, so they could feel less isolated and learn from each other. The need was identified for access to a network of services with group work, individual counselling, family mediation and educational components.     

武汉市家长儿童观的代际差异及其影响因素

本研究通过对武汉市三个年龄段家长进行问卷调查和深度访谈,分析当今不同年龄段家长儿童观的代际差异。结果表 明,老年家长与青年、中年家长对于儿童地位、儿童权利、儿童发展与儿童需要的认识存在显著差异,相较而言,青年、中年家长 在上述四个维度的观念更趋合理。部分老年家长持有家庭中家长应处于权威地位、儿童处于服从地位的看法;与老年家长相 比,青年、中年家长更加尊重儿童,愿意与儿童平等相处。结合访谈分析发现,“家庭本位”的传统文化、经济条件的改善以及受 教育程度的增加是导致老年家长和青、中年家长儿童观存在差异的主要原因。为营造良好的儿童成长环境,家长需改变认知, 合理期许,促进儿童全面发展;老年家长应善于学习,主动走近儿童;学校、社区、新闻媒体等各行各业应共同帮助家长树立科 学的儿童观。     

Keeping the Bar Low: Why Russia’s Nonresident Fathers Accept Narrow Fatherhood Ideals

Although most Russian nonresident fathers feel torn between old and new ideals of fatherhood, they end up accepting older, narrow ideals. Fathers reproduce the dominant gender discourse, which deems men irresponsible and infantile and diminishes the importance of fathers. On the basis of extensive fieldwork, including in‐depth interviews (N = 21) and observational data, I argue that men reproduce minimalist standards of fatherhood because, in part, keeping the bar low enables them to still consider themselves decent fathers. In addition, fathers’ beliefs about the inherent deficiencies of nonresident fatherhood and the increased socioeconomic pressures and loosened constraints surrounding fatherhood in post‐Soviet Russia converge to push fathers to settle for the status quo of detached fatherhood.