中庸结构内涵及其与集体主义关系的研究

基于4批共949份调查问卷数据,首先探索目前中国情境下中庸价值取向的结构内涵,得到“执中一致、慎独自修、消极成就、消极规避”4个维度,其中,“执中一致”是中庸结构内涵的核心,描述了个体与周围情境互动时的价值取向.然后,基于参照框架效应理论发现,相比于集体主义,中庸能更为有效解释中国员工的帮助行为;在高和谐导向氛围的情境下,中庸对集体主义有显著的促进作用.     

青年农民工心理症状及影响因素:未婚与已婚的比较

本研究采用社交回避及苦恼量表、社会支持量表和症状自测量表对407名农民工进行测量,探讨农民工心理症状及影响因素,并比较未婚与已婚的差异。结果发现:(1)农民工心理症状整体上处于严重状态,社交回避及苦恼较为常见,社会支持处于一般水平,未婚组与已婚组有显著差异;(2)农民工社交回避及苦恼与心理症状呈显著正相关,社会支持与心理症状、社交回避及苦恼之间都呈显著负相关,未婚与已婚组的相关系数有较大差异;(3)未婚农民工的社交苦恼直接预测心理症状,已婚农民工的社交回避与社交苦恼都直接预测心理症状,主观支持和支持利用度对已婚者保护心理健康更有作用。     

逆向避税透析

逆向避税是外商利用在合资企业中的优势地位,税法上的漏洞,通过转让定价等手段把利润从低税负区转移到高税负区,以实现全球范围内利润最大化目标的一种避税方式。其主要原因是外商掌握了企业的决策权,税务部门监管不力,以及地方政府片面追求引资数量,忽视质量。由于逆向避税造成了国家税收流失、削弱税收对经济的稳定器功能、造成境内外资企业之间不公平竞争等,必须建立对外商的约束机制,制订切实可行的反逆向避税法规,并对逆向避税采取严厉的措施。     

成本收益、风险规避与人力资本投资

人力资本的投资可根据当时的利息率计算贴现值的方法进行决策.若需要用于投资的资本小于用期望收益算出的贴现值,则进行人力资本投资则为明智的选择.加大对人力资本的投资力度、人力资本的合理有效的组合和采取激励政策和规则可以规避人力资本投资风险.人力资本投资的的载体为具有主观能动性的人.要想投资取得成功,除了借助经济学方法做出正确的投资选择外还要充分调动被投资者--"人"的主观能动性.     

学校体育课、体育活动常见的运动损伤原因、处理方式及其预防

在体育教学和运动训练中难免会发生一些损伤事故。损伤的出现不但影响学生们的身体健康,还会影响学生们的学习及日常生活。青少年学生正处在长身体的旺盛时期身体健康尤为重要。因此,学校体育必须把运动损伤的预防列为重要工作之一。     

年画功能的流变及其艺术审美

年画是我国绘画艺术的一个种类。年画的创作寄托了劳动人民祈福纳祥、避祸消灾和吉利祥瑞等意愿,具有功利价值和审美价值双重功能。随着社会的进步,年画也由世俗的审美功能向社会文化功能流变。     

Errors in Estimates of Smoking-Related Deaths Derived from Nonsmoker Mortality

A number of recent analyses have computed present and future costs associated with a risk by estimating what would happen if the risk were absent. Two sources of bias are associated with this approach: (1) differences in confounding factors between present risk avoiders and risk takers, and (2) the difficulty of selecting an unbiased sample of risk avoiders. A staff memo from the Office of Technology Assessment used this approach to estimate mortality due to smoking. Numbers of deaths and age at death distributions of U.S. smokers and nonsmokers for all causes, all cancers, lung cancers, heart disease, and cerebrovascular lesions are used to assess the accuracy of these estimates. Large errors in the OTA estimates are found. Conditions are discussed that might help reduce errors from this approach.     

我国飞行培训机构的投资风险与规避策略探析

我国飞行培训机构在筹建和运营中面临政策风险、市场风险和技术风险,依托专业化和实体化机构联合办学、秉持规范化和职业化的经营理念、注重科学化和多元化的市场开发策略、提供差异化和个性化的服务内容,是飞行培训机构规避上述风险的有效途径。     

非正常撤诉--行政诉讼中的法律规避

撤诉是行政诉讼中的一种常见现象,实践中行政诉讼撤诉率居高不下乃是非正常撤诉大量增加所致,而非正常撤诉大量增加是当事人规避行政诉讼高昂诉讼成本的"理性"选择.分析行政诉讼的成本构成及其对当事人撤诉的影响,可以得出这样的结论,要减少非正常撤诉这一法律规避现象,就必须树立新的诉讼观念,改革现行的诉讼制度.     

Young children's perceptions and beliefs about hypothetical shy,unsociable, and socially avoidant peers at school

The aim of this study was to explore young children's perceptions, beliefs, and anticipated outcomes about different types of social withdrawal (shyness, unsociability, social avoidance). Participants were N = 212 children (n = 110 boys) aged 2.55–6.37 years (M = 4.86, SD = 0.89) recruited from three preschools and kindergartens in Italy. Children were interviewed individually and asked about hypothetical peers displaying different types of social withdrawal (i.e., shy, unsociable, socially avoidant) and for comparison purposes, aggressive and socially competent behaviors were also assessed. Among the three vignettes depicting types of withdrawn children, children rated the hypothetical shy peer as having the highest social motivations, the unsociable peer as receiving the least sympathy from others, and the avoidant peer as being the least intelligent and least liked by the teacher. In addition, girls reported wanting to play more with the shy peer than boys, and kindergarteners reported a higher affiliative preference for all subtypes of socially withdrawn peers than preschoolers. These findings suggest that Italian young children have a quite sophisticated ability to differentiate among the different social motivations and emotions that may underlie social withdrawal.