银行房地产消费信贷的风险规避

针对目前我国房地产消费信贷中存在的违约风险、虚假贷款风险、不良资产率上升风险及贬值处置风险。提出了四项规避风险的措施,包括拓展房地产抵押贷款担保及保险体系,加强房地产消费信贷监管力度,设置银行房地产价格评估及预测系统和建立个人信用评价制约系统。     

人工智能产品算法设计者的犯罪过失判断——以危惧感说的核心观点为立场

判断人工智能产品算法设计者的过失时,修正的旧过失论对导致危害结果发生的因果历程设置了具体预见可能性标准,这一标准与算法的黑箱属性以相关性而不是因果关系为基础的决策过程存在冲突。同时,此立场只重视结果忽视行为的逻辑会打击算法设计者的积极性,阻碍算法进步。新过失论虽然以结果避免义务作为犯罪过失的核心,但是其对结果预见可能性的标准缺乏具体设计,在判断预见可能性时往往束手无策。因此,两种立场都不是判断人工智能产品算法设计者犯罪过失的合理方案。相比之下,虽然危惧感说(超新过失论)认为结果预见可能性只需达到危惧感的观点受到了主流观点的批评,但这种批评值得商榷:其一,只看到了这种立场对结果预见可能性的低程度要求,却没有看到这种要求背后的核心观点对于判断犯罪过失的合理性;其二,将危惧感说提出者本人对个别案件的过失判断等同于危惧感说的全部,略显片面。与修正的旧过失论和新过失论相比,危惧感说的核心观点是:结果预见可能性与结果避免义务存在相互关联性,这是判断人工智能产品算法设计者犯罪过失的合理方案。以危惧感说的核心观点为思路,犯罪过失包括客观的结果预见可能性、客观的结果预见义务和客观的结果避免义务。人工智能产品算法设计者客观的结果预见可能性的标准是:一旦遭遇包含异常因素的特殊情况,算法有可能做出不利决策,进而引发消极后果。算法设计者客观的结果预见义务的内容是:其一,应当预见到其设计的算法不仅会被用于没有异常因素出现的正常情况,而且可能被用于伴随异常因素出现的特殊情况;其二,一旦其设计的算法面临特殊情况,该系统可能会做出不利决策。算法设计者客观的结果避免义务的内容是:应当避免在设计算法时植入为社会公众普遍反对或不赞同的价值理念;在设计时检验"投喂"给算法系统的数据质量,最大程度防止缺陷数据进入算法机器学习训练的"垃圾进"风险;及时告知产品生产者算法可能面对的异常情况。     

企业IT项目风险评估与规避策略研究

结合企业竞争性战略思想构建了一个企业IT项目风险评估与规避模型,建立了企业IT项目风险评估的指标体系,在对湖北省128家企业信息化项目与风险现状调查研究的基础上对风险因素进行了分类、测度和评估,得出了战略与风险的内在关系,并根据风险评估结果分析了企业战略执行的效果。最后,对高风险的企业IT项目提出了一套风险规避策略并进行应用。结果表明,计划与控制风险对各种企业IT项目执行的竞争性战略均有显著影响,采取不同战略的企业,影响其IT项目开发的风险各不相同,选择风险规避的策略与时机也存在差异。     

The influence of individualism and uncertainty avoidance on per capita gambling turnover

This exploratory study examined the effect of culture on per capita gross casino and lottery gambling turnover in a country-level analysis. Employing Hofstede's individualism and uncertainty avoidance, this study found that culture could provide some explanations why international gaming jurisdictions differed in their per capita gambling turnover. Individualism was found to be positively correlated with per capita casino gambling turnover, while uncertainty avoidance was negatively correlated with per capita lottery gambling turnover. The results from this study would help businesses and governments to better identify, monitor and anticipate gambling level across regions of diverse culture.     

Exploring the Relationship Between Experiential Avoidance,Alcohol Use Disorders,and Alcohol-Related Problems Among First-Year College Students

Abstract

Objective: This study explored the relationship of experiential avoidance (eg, the tendency to avoid, suppress, or otherwise control internal experiences even when doing so causes behavioral harm) to alcohol use disorders and alcohol-related problems. Participants: Cross-sectional data were collected from 240 undergraduate college students in their first year in college between December 2009 and April 2010. Methods: Participants completed a diagnostic interview and online self-report survey. Results: Students with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence had significantly higher levels of experiential avoidance relative to students with no alcohol use disorder diagnosis. A hierarchical linear regression analysis found that experiential avoidance significantly predicted alcohol-related problems, even after controlling for gender and psychological distress. Furthermore, experiential avoidance mediated the relationship of psychological distress to alcohol-related problems. Conclusions: These findings suggest that experiential avoidance may play a role in problematic alcohol use among college students.     

Indicators of Sexual Abuse in Children's Rorschach Responses

Rorschach protocols of 18 preadolescent, sexually abused children were compared to protocols of 18 clinical controls. Dependent variables included responses with overt sexual contents, sexual symbols and near-sexual contents. Results suggested that the dependent variables in combination, could differentiate sexually abused children from other clinical groups. Other Rorschach indices, according to the Exner scoring system, were generally not discriminatory. Behavior ratings completed by the parent, indicated that, for males, higher levels of behavior problems were associated wlh sexual abuse. Findings are interpreted in tern of a model of victim response to abuse events. Clinical utility is discussed.     

Co‐occurrence of and cross‐informant agreement on shyness,unsociability, and social avoidance during early adolescence

We investigated the co‐occurrence of and cross‐informant agreement on early adolescents’ shyness, unsociability, and avoidance measured by self‐ and peer reports for fifth to eighth graders (N = 383; 51% male) in the United States. Avoidance was significantly and positively associated with shyness and unsociability based on peer reports and self‐reports. Furthermore, 45% and 30% of peer‐ and self‐reported withdrawn adolescents had multiple motivations for withdrawal, suggesting prevalent co‐occurrence of withdrawal subtypes. Cross‐informant agreement was moderate for shyness and weak for unsociability and avoidance. We draw attention to the complexity of motivations underlying withdrawal, theorize about subtype co‐occurrence, and discuss challenges and opportunities related to peer‐reported unsociability and avoidance.     

国际国内避税问题探析

通过对当前国际、国内关于“避税”一词的分析和研究,本文提出了对“避税”一词概念的质疑,并运用大量实例说明“避税”一词不能成立,应以“节税”和“偷税”来取代“避税”,从而提出了制止“避税”行为的措施和节税筹划的办法,以规范企业纳税行为,促使加入 WTO后的中国经济健康发展。     

跨界污染争端避免机制的相关理论问题初探

历史的经验与教训都表明,在应对跨界污染争端时,如何避免它比如何解决它更加有意义。争端避免主要是指通过各种方法和程序的运用,预防和避免可能导致争端的情事的发生。传统的机制应对国际环境问题的不足,以及国际环境法理念和基本原则的发展,为国际环境争端避免机制产生的基础。跨界污染争端避免机制包括国际法的基础、具体方法和程序以及特定机构三个要素。     

Sexual Victimization and Physical Health: An Examination of Explanatory Mechanisms

ABSTRACT

There is a growing body of research illustrating a significant relationship between a history of sexual victimization and the development of physical health problems; however, few researchers have examined variables that mediate this relationship. The present study examined two potential mediating variables: experiential avoidance and current stress. Results indicated that current stress significantly mediated the relationship between adult sexual assault and physical health complaints, and experiential avoidance may be a partial mediator. Implications of the findings and future directions are discussed.