Calendars and keys: The classification of “home” and “work”

This article presents a discussion of the relationship between classification systems and individuals' everyday activities. The concept of “boundary work” is defined as the practices that concretize and give meaning to mental frameworks by placing, maintaining, and challenging cultural categories. “Home” and “work” provide a case study for examining boundary work across a range of realm relationships, from those that are highly “integrating” to those that are highly “segmenting.” Boundary practices involving calendars and keys, clothes and appearances, eating and drinking, money, people and their representations (like photographs and gifts), talk styles and conversations, reading materials and habits, and work breaks (including lunches and vacations) are discussed. Mary Douglas's work on categorical purity helps illustrate the relationship between cognitive order and visible behavior seen in the boundary work of home and work. This article includes material that was published in a larger study,Home and Work: Negotiating Boundaries Through Everyday Life (1996 University of Chicago Press), after it was presented at the 1995 Eastern Sociological Society meetings in Philadelphia.     

PREDICTION OF THE FINITE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION UNDER GAUSSIAN SUPERPOPULATION MODELS

This article considers optimal prediction of the finite population distribution function under Gaussian superpopulation models, which allows auxiliary prior information to be incorporated into the estimation process. Large sample approximations for the variance of the optimal predictors are derived in some special important cases. A small scale Monte Carlo study illustrates comparisons between the optimal predictor and some others which are proposed in the literature. The conclusion is that the optimal predictor can be considerably more efficient in situations where the normal superpopulation model is adequate.     

Nondestructive creation: Entrepreneurship and management research in the study of growth

Economists’ focus on institutions in explaining economic growth, while important, can obscure the significant role played by individual entrepreneurs and the process of entrepreneurship. The prevailing view of entrepreneurship in economics (which continues to shape prevailing public policies) centers on Schumpeter's famous concept of “creative destruction.” In the context of sustained high levels of economic growth, as in the recent American experience, I focus on a different feature of entrepreneurship—“nondestructive creation,” in which the uncoordinated contest of ideas and search for new applications of existing ideas generate growth. And this nondestructive creation should be analyzed and can be fostered.     

刘邓大军挺进大别山战略决策探讨——兼以纪念解放战争胜利55周年

解放战争第二年,刘邓、陈粟、陈谢三路大军大举出击中原,从根本上扭转了全国的战局,而刘邓大军挺进并转战大别山更在当时产生了重大的政治和军事影响.刘邓所部为此也付出了沉重代价.究其原因,一是不要后方而采取跃进方式向敌占区敏感地带大举进击的战略所带来的负面影响;其二,从政治、经济、军事、地理等方面分析,当时大别山并不适合我强大野战兵团建立根据地.由于力所不及,刘邓大军创建大别山根据地的任务并没有预期完成.刘邓大军挺进大别山,前进距离似显过远,因而付出了过大代价.     

企业管理实践课程的结构与方法

本文探讨了企业管理模拟实践课的界定、结构和教学方法等问题。本文认为,设置这类课程的目的是使学生在较短的时间内学会整合运用所学知识,体验企业运营全程,掌握发现问题和系统地解决问题的基本思路与方法。     

日本学校社会工作现状及发展探析

日本的学校社会工作始于20世纪80年代,近年来,更加为人们接受。学校社会工作作为社会工作的分支部门,本着以青少年儿童的利益为最大利益的主要原则,努力将社会工作的原理和精神运用于学校领域和场合,其目的是保障青少年儿童平等接受教育的权利和机会。学校社会工作进入学校,实际上也是打破现有学校内部解决问题模式的尝试;是一种对学校制度以及功能改革的尝试;是一种协同、整合各种社会力量和资源,提高和净化学校环境质量的尝试。     

Defining child abuse: Exploring variations in ratings of discipline severity among child welfare practitioners

This study investigated child welfare practitioners’ ratings of the severity of parental discipline practices. Ratings varied by the type of act, age of the child, and by chronicity. Exploratory investigation into changes across time found that current practitioners (N = 27) rated several practices (e.g. spanking and shaking) as more severe than did professionals (N = 24) sampled in 1977. Results underscore the complexity of defining child maltreatment and offer implications for practitioners, applied researchers, and child welfare policy makers.The authors Stephen D. Whitney, Emiko A. Tajima, Todd I. Herrenkohl, and Bu Huang are affiliated with the School of Social Work, University of Washington.Work on this project is supported by funds from the Social Work Prevention Research Center, School of Social Work, University of Washington (National Institute of Mental Health Grant R24MH56599, Lewayne Gilchrist, PI) and by the University of Washington Royalty Research Fund.     

新时代高校劳动教育课程体系构建路径

纵观我国高校劳动教育现状,存在劳动教育窄化、弱化、虚化、淡化等问题,折射出劳动教育目的“偏离化”、教育观念“固有化”、教育方式“单向化”、教育途径“去身体化”等价值困境。基于当前时代发展的现实需求、全面教育的根本要求,加强劳动教育课程体系建设迫在眉睫。通过认知新时代劳动的“变”与“不变”,践行劳动树德、增智、强体、育美的功能,融合家庭、学校、社会间的关系,把握劳动课程开发的时代性、体系化、协同化原则,以课程编制的“四段论”为基本,正确认识劳动价值的课程目标、丰富劳动资源的课程内容、优化劳动配置的课程实施、提升劳动效果的课程评价,完善高校劳动教育课程化的构建。     

道德三品与法律特区

道德与法律既有明显区别 ,又有一定的关系。在中国现时代 ,道德可分三品 ,即至德、高德、平德。不同品的道德应不同地对待。“道德法律化”是必需的 ,但更须强调法律实行的问题。     

Work and rest in the long-distance road transport industry in Australia

To date management of fatigue in professional drivers has largely focused on strategies that limit the amount of time spent on the job. These approaches have, however, not taken into account the well-documented effect of time of day. Consequently, the likely impact of the pattern and timing of work and rest has received little attention. The results revealed that the group of drivers who did the shortest trips and worked the shortest weekly hours were the lowest reporters of fatigue, although longer hours were not always associated with the highest reporting of fatigue. In contrast, the shortest working hours were associated with earliest onset of fatigue. For all drivers, the influence of circadian rhythms was evident in the occurrence of fatigue, with better management of the problem evident among drivers who were able to arrange the timing of rest to more closely coincide with periods of fatigue. Thus, time of day appeared to be a more important influence in determining effective rest than did period of work. These findings raise questions about the validity of the assumption underlying work hour regulations for long-distance drivers which, currently, are universally based on duration of work.