WORKING TO EXIT POVERTY WHILE CARING FOR CHILDREN'S HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM

Since the implementation of economic reforms in 1986, levels of urbanization, industrialization, and women's labour force participation have increased in Vietnam. This article focuses on the experiences of parents in Vietnam and how labour and social conditions affect their ability to work and exit poverty while caring for their children's health and development. We interviewed a sample of 147 parents in Ho Chi Minh City using in-depth, semi-structured questionnaires. Sixty-three percent of parents had faced loss of income or promotions or had difficulty retaining jobs because they had to care for children. Fifty-eight percent of parents lost income while caring for their sick children because they had to take unpaid leave from work to care for their children or because they had to decrease productivity if they were able to continue working. Fifty percent of parents with school-age children experienced barriers to helping with homework, to attending meetings, or to participating in other aspects of their children's education. The aftermath of the Vietnamese – American War affected parents through loss of extended family members, limiting access to a major traditional source of support. The war had affected other parents by preventing them from completing their education, which left them with job choices that offer little or no work benefits. Although Vietnam has made significant progress in providing early childhood care and education and legislating labour laws, working families’ experiences demonstrate the need to ensure that paid leave and work flexibility policies are available and implemented in all work sectors and to expand affordable, quality child care in order to help low-income working parents in Vietnam meet work demands and exit poverty while meeting their children's needs.     

“系谱同类项”与“功能同类项”——比较文学研究中的一组理论对子

在比较文学研究中,我们不难发现,历史上在空间上并没有接触的两个文化之中依然存在着诸多惊人相似的“品种”,本文把这种相似性的文化“品种”,称为异文化之间的“系谱同类项”。同时,我们又发现,各民族文化的“系谱同类项”在各自的文化系统中所承担的功能不尽相同,有些本来不属“系谱同类项”的,却发挥着相同的功能,本文将之称为“功能同类项”。本文以中国、希腊两个民族的几个原始文化“品种”为例,对这两个新概念的合理性进行论证,认为它们可为比较文学研究提供了一组新的概念对子。     

Parental mental health: disruptions to parenting and outcomes for children

The association between parental mental health problems and negative outcomes for children has been long known. This paper addresses three issues in relation to this. First, the scale of the problem is outlined, in terms of both the prevalence of mental health problems in parents and the likelihood of children exhibiting negative outcomes in these circumstances. Secondly, the specificity, or lack of it, of particular outcomes in the child in relation to different parental mental health problems is explored. Thirdly, the paper focuses on the importance of disruptions to parenting as a mechanism in the transmission of mental health problems to negative impacts on the child. Examples are given of how parenting is disrupted in non‐clinical community populations, and the subsequent impacts on the child. The case is made for the preventative importance of parenting and family support in mediating between parental mental health problems and negative impacts on the child.     

Foster parent perceptions of placement breakdown

The purpose of the study was to describe the perceived causes of placement breakdown by foster parents. Sixty-three foster parents from fifty families were asked to describe their challenges in response to the following question: “What would make you consider ending a foster placement”? The responses to this question were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, to yield nine themes. Foster parents indicated that they would consider ending a placement if there was a danger to their family, if the child could not adapt to the home or if they could not handle the child's behavior. Participants reported that the complex health needs of a foster child, problems dealing with the foster agency, and several unsuccessful attempts to make the placement work would cause a placement to breakdown. Foster parents also indicated that they would consider ending a placement if their personal circumstances changed, their own health deteriorated, or there was a lack of appropriate external support in place. The results of the study point to gaps in the research on violence in general foster care, foster parent perceptions of contributions to a foster child's transition back to his or her birth family, and the process of foster parent decision-making in cases of placement breakdown.     

导师制在理科(生物学)基地学生科研素质培养中的作用

理科(生物学)基地的建设目标,是培养符合国家要求,具有基础扎实、能力强、素质好的生物学基础科学研究和教学人才,而在基地教学中实行导师制是提高人才培养质量的有效途径之一。该文介绍了北京林业大学在理科基地学生中实行导师制的思路、措施和方法,并重点分析了导师制在理科基地人才科研素质培养中所起到的多方面的作用,在此基础上提出了导师制实施过程中急需解决的问题。     

生物法蛋白质改性技术

蛋白质的功能特性在食品加工中起着非常重要的作用,但不同食品体系和应用中要求蛋白质发挥不同的功能特性。植物蛋白资源广,价格便宜,但在食品中缺乏令人满意的功能特性而受到限制。通过生物方法--酶法,在温和条件下利用蛋白酶,定向地改变蛋白质的构象,增加极性基团的数量,降低多肽链的分子量,来改变蛋白质的功能特性,生产出多种具有特殊加工功能特性的蛋白品种。     

家庭背景对学生高等教育选择的影响--以云南不同经济发展水平地州市5所中学为例

家庭经济收入水平、父母期望、父母职业及学历,作为家庭背景的重要因素对子女教育选择产生着主要影响。以云南省不同经济发展水平地州市的5所高中890名高三学生为研究样本,研究显示：高中毕业后上大学依然是高三学生的主流分流意向,家庭经济收入水平对高三学生高等教育选择影响较小;社会资助等渠道可以解决了上大学的费用问题,但学生担心上大学是“高成本”“高就业风险”的风险投资而选择放弃高考;家庭中父母亲对子女的学历期望对孩子的高等教育选择影响较大,就职业及学历而言,父亲对孩子的影响比母亲大。“没钱也要上且能上大学”暗示教育分流不合理让社会分工失灵,“能上大学也不上”暗示高等教育的社会流动功能无处发挥。高等教育机会公平需要政府的政策保障,让低收入群体的文凭发挥功效;父母高期望还需妙招指导孩子才能成才。     

进城务工人员随迁子女语言应用的现状及对策研究——以成都市为例

近年来,进城务工人员随迁子女的语言应用与训练成为社会关注的热点。进城务工人员随迁子女语言应用面临如下现状:自身受方言影响根深蒂固,语言习惯差;学校对推广普通话重视不够,教师的普通话水平有待提高;家庭语言培养环境缺失;社会语言环境欠佳,说普通话的氛围不浓等。为此,政府、学校、家庭、社会等应多方参与,形成教育合力,创造条件,加强进城务工人员随迁子女的社会融入度;提高认识,加大推广普通话的力度;主动与孩子加强交流;营造良好的普通话交际氛围等。分析进城务工人员随迁子女语言应用面临的现状,积极探求他们语言应用能力培养的有效策略,不仅有利于提高他们的自身素质,更有利于维护社会的稳定、和谐。     

文化进化的meme理论及其难题

meme概念来自英国著名生物学家道金斯。道金斯把meme看做是文化进化的基本单元。meme概念提出后得到了学术界一些学者的赞同,在他们的努力下,20世纪末逐步形成了用meme解释文化进化的新领域。meme理论把文化进化看做是文化复制因子--meme遗传、变异和选择的结果。但是meme存在的合法性及其进化的机制受到了许多学者的质疑,meme理论还面临着许多尚未解决的难题,现有的科学证据并不能确定meme的存在,同样也不能确定meme储存和传递的机制。     

家园沟通中的常见认知问题及其改善策略——以信阳市两所幼儿园为例

本研究以60名幼儿教师和60名家长为被试,采用问卷法和访谈法调查家园沟通中常见认知问题,并寻求改善策略。结果表明：教师和家长在沟通必要性、沟通主动性、沟通背景、沟通内容、沟通方式等方面存在一定差异,并从沟通理念、沟通技巧、沟通环境三个层面提出完善家园沟通的建议。