脑科学、进化生物学与演化经济学

奉行"累积因果"原则的演化经济学从未放弃向自然科学的学习与借鉴,这种开放式的态度也正是它活力的源泉之一。近年来,脑科学、进化生物学等自然科学领域所取得的一些进展,为演化经济学解释合作、交换和分工以及它们与人类认知进化的关系等问题开辟了新的思路。这些领域的研究成果表明,人类行为、理性能力与社会进化、生物进化之间存在着密切的互动关系:人类认知是伴随人类进化过程而不断进化的产物;由于人类认知改变而导致的社会变化,反过来也会影响人类本身的进化。由于拓展了自己的时间概念,演化经济学具有了一种历史的解释力和人文关怀精神。     

The lie of race: the politics of evil

Abstract

This is a paper about a world without racism; it addresses the tenacity of racism as equivalence to privilege. The biology of love as a conversation is explored. Organization theory is juxtaposed as a system of Others. Some language of quantum theory is used to present a hypothesis about why systems of privilege are created and conserved through self-reference. The God metaphor is posed as the penultimate organization enabling privilege. This is offset by seeing that love is not a choice, thus freeing both gods and humans to the universe of possibilities. Threads for further research in organization theory are suggested.     

The Birth of Modern Criminology and Gendered Constructions of Homosexual Criminal Identity

There is a dearth of engagement with LGBTQ populations, and sexual orientation and gender identity more broadly, in the field of criminology. This article analyzes the treatment of sexual orientation and gender identity at the birth of the discipline around the 1870s. Through an analysis of Cesare Lombroso’s writings, the article argues that a multifaceted stigma of deviance attached to homosexuality and gender nonconformity in early criminological theory. The article explains this multifaceted stigma in terms of broader political, social, cultural, and legal developments before and during the late nineteenth century that shaped modern Western conceptions of sexual orientation and gender identity.     

现代语言学功能主义思想的产生及发展趋势

现代语言学产生于索绪尔的结构思想,在总体上呈现为结构主义特征。索绪尔的结构语言学严格区分语言与言语、内部与外部、共时与历时、静态与动态的二元对立关系,通过前后关系取舍方法而立论,但也割裂了语言结构与功能的内在统一性,远离了语言的具体完整性,因而包含着内在的矛盾性。现代语言学功能主义思想的孕育和发展是实现结构与功能统一,回归语言具体完整性的过程,这些发展逐渐融合为功能类型学主流。功能类型学代表的＂动态范式＂以演化生物学为基础,预示着语言学发展正走向新的综合。     

Approximation and Exact Algorithms for Constructing Minimum Ultrametric Trees from Distance Matrices

An edge-weighted tree is called ultrametric if the distances from the root to all the leaves in the tree are equal. For an n by n distance matrix M, the minimum ultrametric tree for M is an ultrametric tree T = (V, E, w) with leaf set {1,..., n} such that d_T(i, j) M[i, j] for all i, j and is minimum, where d_T(i, j) is the distance between i and j on T. Constructing minimum ultrametric trees from distance matrices is an important problem in computational biology. In this paper, we examine its computational complexity and approximability. When the distances satisfy the triangle inequality, we show that the minimum ultrametric tree problem can be approximated in polynomial time with error ratio 1.5(1 + log n), where n is the number of species. We also develop an efficient branch-and-bound algorithm for constructing the minimum ultrametric tree for both metric and non-metric inputs. The experimental results show that it can find an optimal solution for 25 species within reasonable time, while, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report of algorithms solving the problem even for 12 species.     

全息生物学·驳邹承鲁院士·爱国主义与诺贝尔奖

认识和科学探索自由,不但是人类认识发展的基石、科学发展的基石,而且也是人类文明整体的基石。我们的政治文明已经跨入到了先进的社会主义文化时代,但几千年来厚重的封建主义传统的"一言堂"、"文字狱"的残余仍然难以消除,制约着我们今天的认识发展、科学发展和社会文明发展,党中央把"解放思想"作为政治指导方针是非常具有战略意义的。"科学技术是第一生产力","科学技术创新"是社会发展的重中之重,不仅被尊重和保护,而且被倡导和鼓励。认识争论和科学争论,是认识发展和科学发展的前提,是"科学技术创新"必不可少的过程和环节。全息学是当代的一门新型学科,我国学者张颖清先生根据全息学的基本原理创立的"全息生物学",也是一门新型的尚处于争议阶段的学科,有各种各样的争论都是正常的。正是有各种各样的评论和评价,才有利于这门学科的发展。以下发表的这篇文章是已去世的张颖清先生在逝世前交给一位探视者而希望公开发表的文章,遗憾的是未能在作者逝世前发表。现发表此文,以还作者之愿,并期望能推动"全息生物学"这一科学探索新领域的认识深入。另外需要与各位读者和作者朋友交流的是,本刊坚持出版十余年来的《东方学术创新》栏目,是建立在对中国传统人文思想、中国传统科学思想,可以对人类当代的人文认识创新、科学认识创新,提供宝贵的矿藏和深刻的启迪这一判断和信念之上;同时我们也坚信,面对人类的学术创新,中华民族是到了在思想领域和科学领域出世界伟人的时候了。因此,我们将一如既往地欢迎这方面的来稿,并不断地隆重推出这方面的力作。     

高校生物学双语教学的现状与问题分析

双语教学是我国高等教育教学改革的重要内容,也是培养高素质、复合型人才的一项长远规划。根据我校具体情况,本文从教学观念、师资队伍、学生语言能力、英文教材以及评价机制五方面分析了现阶段生物学双语教学中存在的问题,并针对其存在的问题提出了改进措施。     

The impact of ICT on systems biology and how to assess it

The rise of systems biology has been deeply associated with the application of high-throughput technologies and the development of digital databases. Both have an important impact on how research is done today and what it achieves. The plethora and heterogeneity of data have caused a change in approaches of data handling and processing by using Information and Communication Technology (ICT). To facilitate data management and the access and sharing of data on biological structures and processes as well as to link different databases from disparate data sources, ICT infrastructures have been developed simultaneously with the emergence of systems approaches in biology. Using the concept of technoscience, I explore the relationship of data-driven technologies and scientific approaches in systems biology and how to assess it according to a new understanding of science assessment. The analysis shows that ICT infrastructures play an important role in the systems biology community, taking over all the relevant tasks regarding the integration, access and sharing of data. Therefore, ICT infrastructures are primarily regarded as service facilities to ease research activities. However, the separation of data management and data interpretation as two independent endeavours hides the fact that data-driven technologies fundamentally influence the epistemic status of data and cause epistemic shifts in research practices and processes. Accordingly, the frame of ICT for data management enables doing research, but it shapes the significance and meaning of data, practices and processes at the same time by defining how to handle data in ICT-driven science.     

由实体观念的自然到生态观念的自然——简析生态伦理学的理论进路

在对生态伦理学进行界定的基础上,结合生态伦理学所涉及的主要流派对其内部自然观念的发展变化进行梳理,指出生态伦理学发展的基本理论趋向;进而厘清生态伦理学的基本发展路向,即个体主义路向和整体主义路向。     

A reconceptualization of the role of biology in contributing to race/ethnic disparities in health outcomes

An increasing amount of attention is being given to the inappropriate use of contributionsfrom the biological sciences in research on race/ethnic disparities in health. This discussionwill take a first step towards productive interdisciplinary collaboration with the biologicalsciences by recognizing the methodological and ethical problems underlying current researchon race/ethnic disparities. An alternative model is then presented that specifies the role ofbiology in contributing to race/ethnic disparities in health and mortality without reinforcinga biological conceptualization of race.