On an application of the diffusion approximation of the generalized birth and death process for stochastic population projection

Assuming that both birth and death rates are density and time dependent, a diffusion approximation of the generalized birth and death process has been considered in this paper to obtain a suitable stochastic population model describing the population size and its moments. A simple method of estimating the parameters of the model Is discussed. The predictions of the expected size of the population, and the variance are made and compared with the corresponding census figures as well as with another deterministic projection series made for the corresponding period.     

Kakar's Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Indian Childhood: The Need to Emphasize the Father and Multiple Caregivers in The Socialization Equation

Kakar's psychoanalytic analysis of the role of the father in the East Indian child's socioemotional development during the early childhood period is examined. Furthermore, maternal employment and multiple caregiving are considered in broad terms. Using findings from observational studies of parent-infant interactions and care in diverse cultures around the world as a barometer, it is argued that fathers are more centrally involved in the Indian child's life than has been previously acknowledged. It is proposed that the Indian mother remains the primary caregiver with other socialization agents assuming complementary but nonequivalent roles in the Indian child's social development. Future discussions of Indian childhood development could further delineate the role of the father and multiple caregivers in the socialization process.     

论鲁迅的儿童观

鲁迅站在人类本位的高度认为父子关系是一种自然的伦理关系 ,是平等的。父母对子女负有不可推卸的责任。在教育儿童方面 ,他也有独到的见解。这些见解在今天仍然具有很大的启发和教育作用     

Social Fathers and Child Well‐Being

Many young children born to unwed parents currently live with their biological mothers and their mothers’ new partners (social fathers). This study uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Well‐Being Study (N = 1,350) to assess whether involvement by resident social fathers is as beneficial for child well‐being as involvement by resident biological fathers and whether the involvement of the child’s nonresident biological father alters the relationship between resident social father engagement and child outcomes. Results indicate that involvement by resident social fathers is as beneficial for child well‐being as involvement by resident biological fathers and that frequent contact with the child’s nonresident biological father does not diminish the positive association between residential social father involvement and child well‐being.     

中外叙事文学中的“后母／继子乱伦”叙事——“乱伦”母题与中外叙事文学研究系列论文之一

“后母／继子乱伦”叙事模式的作品触及人类集体无意识中的“乱伦情结”与“乱伦禁忌”的深层心理。后母／继子乱伦”现象是专制的父权文化的产物，“后母”乃至“继子”承载着对父权文化的批判与表现人性解放的双重道德任务，表现了一种“渎父”或“精神弑父”的主题。她（他）们的悲剧性的命运结局体现了作家对这种现象微妙而复杂的态度：在无限宽容的同时，也隐含对乱伦原罪感几分不自觉的认同。     

20世纪温庭筠生年研究综述

温庭筠是晚唐著名的文学大家,进入20世纪以来,学术界在温庭筠研究上取得了很大的成就,老、中、青几代学者的不懈努力使温庭筠生平中若干重要问题得以很大程度的凸显。但在温庭筠生年的研究问题上,由于史料记载不清,相互违乖,该问题的研究始终存在很大的争议,尚无明确的结论。鉴于此,笔者将各家之说综述如下,并简要分析研究中所存在的问题,以期有利于该问题研究的进一步开拓与深化。     

范蠡治家思想浅探

发家致富是作为政治家、军事家的范蠡人生中的又一亮点。其治家思想与治国思想具有同等重要的价值。治家如国、农商为本、因俗立业、顺应天时、居安思危、民主持家和泽及乡里等,是其治家思想的显著特征。     

生育文明与我国未来生育率控制

我国的生育率变化一直以来都与生育文明的发展有着密切的关系。深厚的传统生育文化支持着我国农业社会的高生育水平,这在历史上起到过一定的积极作用,但是庞大的人口数量越来越成为我国经济社会发展的包袱。我国现阶段生育率已经在计划生育政策的控制下,达到了一个较低的标准。但是,这种低生育水平还很不稳定,也不可避免的带来了一些社会问题。随着我国经济发展和社会转型,推进生育文明的发展将成为稳定低生育水平,实现适度人口规模的最好方法。     

Postdivorce Father‐Adolescent Closeness

Research indicates that closeness of the father‐child bond following parental divorce is associated with better outcomes for children and adolescents. Unlike other investigations, this study takes a long‐term developmental approach to understanding stability and change in postdivorce father‐adolescent relationship closeness. Drawing on Add Health data (n = 483), we examine factors that explain (a) why some high‐quality father‐adolescent relationships remain the same after divorce whereas others decline, and (b) why some low‐quality relationships are stable following divorce whereas others improve. High mother‐offspring relationship quality and offspring feelings of well‐being prevented close father‐offspring relationships from deteriorating. Offspring’s childbearing and cohabitation following parental divorce increase closeness in father‐offspring relationships that were not close prior to divorce. Although a majority of offspring experienced a decline in closeness following divorce, results from this study show that some very close father‐offspring relationships are maintained and some poor relationships become closer.     

The mobility problem in Britain: new findings from the analysis of birth cohort data

Social mobility is now a matter of greater political concern in Britain than at any time previously. However, the data available for the determination of mobility trends are less adequate today than two or three decades ago. It is widely believed in political and in media circles that social mobility is in decline. But the evidence so far available from sociological research, focused on intergenerational class mobility, is not supportive of this view. We present results based on a newly‐constructed dataset covering four birth cohorts that provides improved data for the study of trends in class mobility and that also allows analyses to move from the twentieth into the twenty‐first century. These results confirm that there has been no decline in mobility, whether considered in absolute or relative terms. In the case of women, there is in fact evidence of mobility increasing. However, the better quality and extended range of our data enable us to identify other ‘mobility problems’ than the supposed decline. Among the members of successive cohorts, the experience of absolute upward mobility is becoming less common and that of absolute downward mobility more common; and class‐linked inequalities in relative chances of mobility and immobility appear wider than previously thought.