从元杂剧看龙王形象的演化特征

现存元杂剧作品中集中描写龙王形象的并不多,仅见于尚仲贤的《洞庭湖柳毅传书》和李好古的《沙门岛张生煮海》两部杂剧。其中,作为一水之主的龙神——龙王形象主要以父亲角色出现,二剧共同表现了龙王在儿女婚事上的软弱与无奈,而这样的形象特点与中国传统观念中的龙王形象截然不同。究其原因,应该说很大程度上受到印度佛典中地位低下的龙王故事的影响,并在其流播过程中与中国民间传说、故事互相影响、渗透,最终中国化、人格化的结果。     

从生育行为中的男孩偏好看女性的生存发展状况——对出生性别比偏高现象的社会性别解析

以社会性别为分析视角,从生育的主体--女性的经验、利益和需求出发,不难发现女性地位偏低是导致歧视性的性别偏好出现,从而导致出生性别比失调的深层次的原因.因此,要想有效遏制出生性别比升高,就必须构建平等的性别文化和先进的生育文化,赋予妇女以权利和机会,全方位地改善女性尤其是农村女性的生存状况,切实保障女性的各种权益,进而让女性的社会地位有实质性的提高.     

中国计划生育政策反思

中国计划生育政策已经实施三十多年,整体上取得了较好的人口控制效果,基本达到了政策的预期目标。但学界关于计划生育政策得失的争论与调整的呼吁也愈演愈烈。梳理中国计划生育政策形成的背景、过程、内容、法规及配套政策,综观中国计划生育政策的如何评判,可以发现对于计划生育政策,正反两方的观点分歧在于对人口规律和中国未来人口形势的认识不同。坚持政策从严或维持现行政策,是以人口数量与经济社会发展为论据基础的;建议适度放宽政策,是以人为本、调整人口结构与提高人口素质为出发点的;后者更符合我国人口政策实践的实际状况与人口发展的需要。在低生育水平下,尽快调整完善中国的现行计划生育政策非常必要,只有这样,我们才能更好地应对复杂而严峻的人口形势。     

屈原父名屈章说——兼考战国时期屈氏与莫敖之关系

屈原之父为谁、"朕皇考日伯庸"一语作何解释,一直是屈学研究领域中的难题.本文就赵逵夫先生等学者的相关看法,提出了不同意见,认为:<战国策·楚策>中的莫敖子华实名屈章,亦即伯庸,是为屈原之父.文章还对战国时期屈氏与莫敖一职的固定关系进行了考辨.     

低生育率是中国的福音?——从第六次人口普查数据看中国人口发展现状与前景

本文利用全国第六次人口普查数据,对2000-2010年间妇女生育率进行了估算,考察与分析了中国人口发展的现状与前景。研究表明:中国妇女生育率早已降至1.5左右的极低水平,生育率过低不是中国的福音,如果任其发展,中国可持续发展的前景将不堪设想。重新审视中国面临的人口形势与人口问题,调整现行生育政策是避免中国未来出现严重人口危机的必然的战略选择。     

生育政策与经济水平对出生性别比偏高的分析

本文以2005年全国1%人口抽样调查的出生性别比为基础数据,分析它和人口生育政策以及经济发展水平之间的关系。研究发现,我国人口生育政策以及经济发展水平与出生性别比偏高不是简单的负相关关系,而是三次曲线关系。     

土家族地区出生人口性别比失衡的调查分析

自20世纪90年代末以来,由于土家族女性的婚姻迁移,土家族地区的婚姻市场就呈现为男多女少格局,预演了出生人口性别比严重失衡的中国几十年内的性别后果。土家族地区男多女少的性别格局产生了三方面的性别后果：男性择偶困难;逐渐形成了“宁要两女也不要两男”的生育性别期望;已婚夫妻的权力关系向妻子倾斜。土家族地区的实践告诫人们：出生人口性别比失衡本是根深蒂固的男权文化借助现代B超技术的产物．侣却会在几十年后以同样残酷的方式惩罚着男性和罄个社会。     

Birth centres and the national maternity services review: response to consumer demand or compromise?

Background

In February 2009 the Improving Maternity Services in Australia – The Report of the Maternity Services Review (MSR) was released and recommended improving women's access to and availability of birth centres. It was unclear if this was in response to an overwhelming request for birth centres in the submissions received by the commonwealth or a compromise for excluding homebirth from the maternity service reforms.

Aim

The aim of this paper was to examine what was said in the submissions to the MSR about birth centres.

Methods

Data for this study comprised 832 submissions to the MSR that are publicly available on the Commonwealth of Australia Department of Health and Ageing website. All 832 submissions were downloaded, and read for any mention of the words ‘birth centre’, ‘birth center’. Content analysis was used to categorise and report the data.

Results

Of the 832 submissions to the MSR 197 (24%) mentioned birth centres while 470 (60%) of the submissions mentioned homebirth. Only 31 (4%) of the submissions to the Maternity Review mentioned birth centres without mentioning home birth also. Most of the submissions emphasised that ‘everything should be on the menu’ when it came to place of birth and care provider. Reasons for choosing a birth centre were identified as: ‘the best compromise available, ‘the right and natural way’ and ‘the birth centre as safe’. Women had certain requirements of a birth centre that included: ‘continuity of carer’, ‘midwife led’, ‘a sanctum from medicalised care’, ‘resources to cope with demand’, ‘close to home’, and ‘flexible guidelines and admission criteria’. Women weighed up a series of requirements when deciding whether to give birth in a birth centre.

Discussion

The recommendation by the MSR to expand birth centres and ignore home birth is at odds with the strong view expressed that ‘everything should be on the menu’. The requirements women described of birth centre care are also at odds with current trends.

Conclusion

If there is to be an expansion of birth centres, service providers need to make sure that women's views are central to the design. Women will not cease having homebirths due to expanded birth centre options.     

Chinese obstetricians’ attitudes,beliefs, and clinical practices related to cesarean delivery on maternal request.

BackgroundObstetricians’ beliefs, attitudes, and clinical practices related to cesarean delivery on maternal request appears particularly important in the context of high cesarean section rate. However, few relative studies have been conducted.AimTo examine Chinese obstetricians’ attitudes, beliefs, and clinical practices with regard to cesarean delivery on maternal request, and to explore influencing factors associated with their practices of cesarean delivery on maternal request.MethodsA cross-sectional design was used. Self-administered anonymous questionnaires were distributed to eligible obstetricians at the Congress of the Shanxi Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics as well as the Congress of the Hainan Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics. The overall response rate was 526/649 (81.05%). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine independent effects on obstetrician’s clinical practices related to cesarean delivery on maternal request.FindingsObstetricians who agreed with pregnant women’s decision to choose cesarean section directly and believed the benefits of this procedure outweigh the risks had higher odds of performing cesarean delivery on maternal request. In addition, measures to decrease cesarean section at hospitals were associated with reduced likelihood to perform cesarean delivery on maternal request.ConclusionsThe present study showed a strong correlation between obstetricians’ attitudes, beliefs, as well as interventions to decrease cesarean section at hospitals and their clinical practices of cesarean delivery on maternal request. Measures to enhance the training of obstetricians and reduce CS at hospitals are essential to decrease the overall cesarean section rate in China.