元朝法律中的民间婚姻生育制度

统一全国后，蒙古统治者结合蒙古法与汉法，逐步建立了元朝民间婚姻生育的法律制度。法律详细规定了民间婚姻的总体原则、婚姻程序、离婚、改嫁和多娶妻妾等相关事宜，并对生育采取了多种保护、优待和鼓励政策。这不仅体现了鲜明的时代特色和民族特色，而且对统一的多民族国家的巩固和发展、对民族大融合都发挥了积极的历史作用。     

外语教学中母语文化缺失现象及其对策研究

针对外语教学中母语文化缺失的现象，笔者对高校英语专业学生进行了问卷调查，以调查现行外语教学中母语文化的教学情况以及学生对母语文化教学的需求和态度，同时也探究了母语文化缺失现象产生的原因，并教材编写、课程设置、课外活动、教师以及学生等角度提出了相应的可行性措施和对策。     

Adopted Persons' Search for and Contact with Their Birth Parents I

ABSTRACT

This article presents a critical review of different lines of empirical research on adopted persons' search for their birth parents and identifies questions and issues that are in need of further study. The review covers research on the demographic and psychological characteristics of searchers and their motives for searching. Research findings are also used to evaluate the validity of three different theoretical frameworks that have been offered as explanations for why adopted persons search for their birth parents.     

Australian primary maternity units: Past,present and future

Primary maternity units are commonly those run by midwives who provide care to women with low-risk pregnancies with no obstetric, anaesthetic, laboratory or paediatric support available on-site. In some other countries, primary level maternity units play an important role in offering equitable and accessible maternity care to women with low-risk pregnancies, particularly in rural and remote areas. However there are very few primary maternity units in Australia, largely due to the fact that over the past 200 years, the concept of safety has become inherently linked with the immediate on-site availability of specialist medical support.The purpose if this paper is to explore the various drivers and barriers to the sustainability of primary maternity units in Australia. It firstly looks at the historical antecedents that shaped primary level maternity services in Australia, from the time of colonisation to now. During this period the space and management of childbirth moved from home and midwifery-led settings to obstetric-led hospitals. Following on from this an analysis of recent political events shows how Australian government policy both supports and undermines the potential of primary maternity units. It is important that researchers, clinicians and policy makers understand the past in order to manage the challenges facing the development and maintenance of midwifery-led maternity services, in particular primary maternity units, in Australia today.     

论20世纪下半叶英国单亲家庭的变化特点

20世纪下半叶,尤其自60年代后,英国的人口结构和经济结构发生了一系列显著的变化,使得英国单亲家庭出现了不同于以往时期的新特点:一是单亲家庭的数量和比重迅速上升;二是单身母亲家庭的增长快于单身父亲家庭;三是单亲家庭的结构变得更加复杂。     

“有这儿妇比有七个儿子还好”——《路得记》与《孔雀东南飞》的跨文本阅读

希伯来圣经《路得记》里的婆婆拿俄米,在整部书卷里出现了两次发言和两次沉默。在《孔雀东南飞》焦母和刘兰芝的关系视野下,审视拿俄米的发言和沉默,可以看出拿俄米对路得的怨念和排斥。无论希伯来文化还是中国传统文化里,婆媳矛盾是父权制社会普遍存在的问题。     

Prevalence of childhood abuse in mothers taking part in a study of parenting their own children

This paper describes the incidence of maltreatment histories in a community sample of mothers of one‐year‐old infants in Northern Ireland. The occurrence of five subsets of childhood maltreatment is examined: emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect and sexual abuse. Of the 201 women who completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, 70 mothers (35%) reported that they had experienced one or more types of maltreatment during childhood. Forty‐eight mothers (24%) gave a history of being emotionally abused, 43 (21%) of emotional neglect, 27 (13%) of physical abuse, 20 (10%) of sexual abuse and 19 (10%) of physical neglect. Physical abuse was the only type of maltreatment which showed an association with maternal socio‐economic status, with a higher incidence reported amongst Occupational Classes 4 and 5 (lower supervisory and technical occupations and semi‐routine and routine groups). More than half of those with a history of abuse experienced more than one type of maltreatment (42 mothers or 60% of those reporting maltreatment). Differences in rates of incidence to more recent studies on younger adults are discussed, as well as implications for prevention and intervention. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Perspectives of Young Men and Their Teenage Partners on Maternity and Health Services During Pregnancy and Early Parenthood

This study discusses young couples’ interactions with maternity and health services paying particular attention to men’s perspectives. Findings are based on research conducted in Scotland with men (aged 16–25) and their teenage partners (aged 16–19). Most young men were very involved in their child’s life and provided support and care to their partner during pregnancy and in early parenthood. Men often felt excluded or judged when accessing services, although positive experiences were reported too. The study discusses ways in which maternity and health services can be better attuned to meet the needs of young couples and be inclusive of men.     

Factors Affecting Birth Rates Among Black Women 20--24 Years of Age: A Trend Analysis (January 1972--March 1992)

This research provides a multivariate explanation of monthly (N = 243) birth rate variation for African-American women 20--24 years of age using time series analysis. The research explains both seasonal and intermediate variation in these birth rates. The independent variables were selected for their relationship to: economic understandings of fertility; developing understandings of the relationship of photoperiod to reproductive functioning; routine activity theory; and the relationship of birth rates to quality of life perspectives. The findings of this research are interpreted with respect to important developments and understandings in the quality of life literature. Concepts of 'compensatory validation' and 'contextual compatibility' are derived from quality of life understandings and Rainwater's (1974) concept of 'validating activities'. The previously identified importance of domains of intimacy, sexual activity and family life (Cummins, 1996; Alfonso et al., 1996) are related to empirical findings concerning the conception of children and incorporated into these theoretical concepts. Nine explanatory variables were selected. Theoretical, research and policy implications are summarized.     

以“出生人口数量”换“出生人口性别比结构”战略

我国是出生性别比失衡最为严重、持续时间最长的国家,且综合治理出生人口性别比异常收效甚微,通过"禁止性别选择性人工流产"入"刑"遏制性别比偏高成为社会热点。从人口学视角出发,构造立法后的人口数量成本和出生人口性别比收益方程,测算结果表明,立法后带来的人口数量成本可以接受,出生人口性别比收益明显,立法具有可行性。而且立法还有利于稳定适度低生育水平,立法刻不容缓。