甲骨文与《商颂》

在学术史上,有关《商颂》的作者与作期问题,从汉代开始就有争论。古文学派认为《商颂》作于商代的贵族祭司阶层,今文学派则认为是周代的宋国大夫正考父所作。这两派观点一直持续到近现代而未有正解。自从甲骨文资料的不断出现,解决这一千古论争成为可能。今考甲骨文中有《商颂》所提到的族名、王名与地名;甲骨文中的词汇与《商颂》中的主干词汇完全一致;更重要的是,殷墟花园庄东地所出的甲骨文中,还有贵族子弟系统接受“学商”“秦商”“舞商”活动的详细记录。这说明,《商颂》在商代确实已在贵族阶层中流传了。     

从甲骨文看殷周时代的田猎文化

我国殷、周时代的文字在其形体构造上一般都具有十分鲜明的历史文化的具象性。当时由于殷、周宗法社会的特定需求,田猎与国家的政治、军事紧密结合在一起,形成了一种特有的田猎文化。文章通过一系列有关的甲骨文形义关系的分析研究,描述了由古汉字文化具象所反映出来的殷、周田猎之种种情况;作者亦对某些未识的甲骨文提出了自己的考释性意见。     

The Effect of a Multicomponent Dual-Modality Exercise Program Targeting Osteoporosis on Bone Health Status and Physical Function Capacity of Postmenopausal Women

Purpose: Exercise is important for the prevention of osteoporosis and the reduction of fracture risk because it improves muscle mass and strength, besides improving balance. We evaluated the effect of a specific exercise program on bone mass and quality and physical function capacity in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. Methods: Participants (N = 125) underwent a bone mass (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry), bone quality (osteosonography), and physical functional capacity assessment. Fifty-eight of them took part in an 11-month exercise program (E), that included a multicomponent (strength, aerobic capacity, balance, joint mobility) dual-modality (on ground and in the water; alternating group and home-based exercise periods) exercise regimen. The others represented a control group (C) that did not exercise. After the exercise program all participants were reevaluated. Results: After the training program: femoral neck T-score significantly improved in E; C significantly decreased all bone quality (osteosonography) parameters, whereas E showed no differences; E significantly improved all the physical function capacity parameters, while most of them decreased or did not change in C. Conclusions: A specific exercise program targeting osteoporosis improves physical function capacity, reduces physiological bone loss, and maintains bone quality in low bone mineral density postmenopausal women.     

Effect of Soy Isolate Protein and Resistance Exercises on Muscle Performance and Bone Health of Osteopenic/Osteoporotic Post-Menopausal Women

There are contradictory reports regarding the effect of soy protein isolate on bone health in menopause. The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of soy isolate protein intake and resistance exercises on isokinetic muscle strength, endurance, power, and bone health parameters in osteopenic/osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Sixty osteoporotic sedentary women (mean age 54.55 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: soy isolate protein (Group A), soy?+?exercise group (Group B), and control group (Group C). Group B performed supervised progressive resistance exercises 4 times/week for 12 weeks. Muscle performance was measured by isokinetic dynamometry, and bone health was measured by ultrasound densitometry. Analysis of variance showed significant bone and muscle strength gains (p < .05) both in Group A and B, with the improvements more pronounced in Group B. Significant muscle performance changes, after intervention, were evident and bone strength increases may parallel changes in muscle strength.     

Age influences anthropometric and fitness-related predictors of bone mineral in men

Objective. This study assessed the influence of age on the predictors of bone mineral in men.

Methods. Middle-age (n = 41, 54 ± 4 yrs) and older (n = 40, 69 ± 5 yrs) men underwent grip and knee extensor strength tests, total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with regional analyses and a graded exercise treadmill test.

Results. Bone-free lean mass (BFLM) and, to a lesser extent, fat mass (FM) were correlated with bone mineral variables in middle-age men. In older men, BFLM and, to a lesser extent, FM were related to bone mineral content (BMC) at most sites, but inconsistently to bone mineral density (BMD). Knee extensor strength related to bone mineral (BMC and BMD) at most sites in middle-age men, but none in older men. Grip strength inconsistently related to bone mineral in both groups. Aerobic capacity related to bone mineral in middle-age men, but none in older men. In multiple regression, body weight or BFLM predicted bone mineral in middle-age men (R² = 0.33–0.68) and BMC in older men (R² = 0.33–0.50). Predictors of BMD were inconsistent in older men.

Conclusions. Relationships of body composition, muscular strength and aerobic capacity to bone mineral are stronger in middle-age versus older men.     

Bone mineral density in men with and without the metabolic syndrome

The objective of this study was to measure bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged men with and without the metabolic syndrome according to the International diabetes federation (IDF) definition from 2005. We studied 80 men (mean age: 51.9 ± 9.0 y, mean body mass index (BMI): 32.0 ± 1.7 kg/m²) with and 92 men without the metabolic syndrome (mean age: 52.6 ± 15.1 y, mean BMI: 24.9 ± 2.8 kg/m²). Height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference (cm) and blood pressure were measured. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and blood lipids were determined. BMD at the lumbar spine and total hip was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry on a Hologic QDR 4500 bone densitometer. In men around 59.3% had a waist circumference > 94 cm (abdominal obesity). Among them 58.7% showed abnormal BP values. Around 30.7% had FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L and 22.7% had low high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and 36.6% had hypertriglyceridemia. In men with the metabolic syndrome, mean lumbar spine BMD was 0.986 ± 0.210 g/cm² and total hip BMD – 1.012 ± 0.209 g/cm². The corresponding values in men without this syndrome were 0.934 ± 0.179 g/cm² and 0.894 ± 0.189 g/cm², respectively. The inter-group BMD difference reached statistical significance only at the hip (p = 0.039). Respectively, the prevalence of osteoporosis at the central sites was significantly higher in men without the metabolic syndrome (MS) (13.2 versus 20.8%, p = 0.03). Our data confirmed the trend for higher BMD in the studied men with the metabolic syndrome.     

Testosterone and body functions

Testosterone supplementation can help reduce many of the symptoms associated with androgen deficiency in the aging male by its effects on various parts of the body. Bone mineral density can decrease in the hypogonadal man and this may contribute to the increased fracture rate in the elderly. Testosterone therapy can improve bone mineral density and bone architecture by increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption – the possible benefits on fracture rate are unknown. Testosterone also improves body composition by reducing body fat mass and increasing lean body mass, and by increasing epidermal thickness, but its effects on muscle strength are still debated. In patients with diabetes and androgen deficiency, testosterone supplementation appears to reduce blood glucose and this could have important implications for cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with diabetes or the metabolic syndrome. The wide-ranging benefits of testosterone therapy in young and old men are clear and it appears that the route of administration (intramuscular, oral, or transdermal) does not alter this fact, but future work could illustrate even more profound effects of testosterone (e.g., in reducing cardiovascular risk) that could result in its recommended use in a wider range of patients.     

新型仿生啮齿型破骨机

为了解决常用破骨机破碎不均匀的问题,基于仿生学原理,设计了一种新型啮齿型破骨机,适用于畜禽骨产品的 前处理加工。设计了二级破碎机构,通过调节预破碎啮齿辊轮间距,对物料进行一级宽齿破碎,再经过细齿咬合破碎进 行二级破碎,达到所需破碎程度。同时一级宽齿辊轮转速低于二级细齿辊轮转速,避免了一二级破碎齿之间的物料堆 积。设备可显著降低能耗和生产成本,操作简单,维修率低。新型仿生啮齿破骨机适用于多种原料骨的破碎。     

骨提取液的梯度膜法浓缩研究

针对传统浓缩工艺耗能高、产品品质低等问题,设计了一种基于微滤一反渗透梯度串联膜浓缩方法用于骨提取液 的浓缩。新鲜原料骨破碎后,配成质量分数为33%—40%的鸡骨渣悬浮液加入到提取罐内,在O~0.3 MPa的压力下经 过30~ 120 min热压抽提后得到骨提取液。提取液经过静置除渣、脱脂后,利用微滤一反渗透膜循环梯度浓缩至Brix 5。~ 50。,然后进行调和、杀菌操作。该技术应用膜法梯度浓缩技术,能够在较低的温度下除去骨提取液中的水分,显著减少 了骨提取液的营养和风味损失,降低了能耗与生产成本。     

骨素真空浓缩设备中关键辅件的优化设计

为解决真空浓缩过程中物料损失、原料及设备易受污染、清洗困难等问题,对真空浓缩设备中的防跑料装置、冷 凝液排出装置和观察视镜3个关键辅件进行了优化设计。防跑料装置使用丝网气液分离器及离心式气液分离器进行捕 集,设计快装式捕集器盖以实现内筒体整体清洗及更换;设计了无泵自动排水装置,在无泵状况下,只使用压缩空气为动 力,将冷凝后达到一定液位的液体排出。优化设计后的3辅件结构简单、易操作、安全系数高、适用范围广。改进后的浓 缩设备具有较高的推广和应用价值。