Letters to the Editors

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“You Never Get Used to Loneliness” – Older Adults’ Experiences of Loneliness When Applying for Going on a Senior Summer Camp

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was explore why the informants were feeling lonely and considered themselves to be in need of attending a senior summer camp, and how the informants were experiencing loneliness before they went to the senior summer camp. Interviews was made with nineteen older adult people (15 women and 4 men). A phenomenological inspired approach was used for the analysis of the interviews. Eight themes resulted: Hard to make new friends, Other circumstances making it hard to be social, Feel very lonely even if they lead rich social lives, Loss of loved ones, Do not want to do things alone, Friends make a difference, Do not feel lonely but need a change and Loneliness occurs at certain times. Through this analysis, we have gain insights to better understand loneliness as a multifaceted phenomenon that is associated with both personal circumstances and social situations. Many of the informants experienced being very lonely, even if they lead rich social lives. The experience of loneliness was connected to not having anyone they can turn to in confidence or to share experiences with and the need to belong to something or the need of a change in everyday life.     

山西省新型农村合作医疗制度探析

医疗保险制度作为社会保障体系的重要组成部分,肩负着保障群众健康,稳定社会和国民收入再分配的作用,历来受到世界各国政府的重视。结合山西的实际,分析山西农村医疗保险制度的概况、目前存在的问题并基于SPSS的数据探析相应的解决办法,对实现山西跨越式发展有着深远的意义。     

北京物流服务业贸易逆差成因与对策分析

物流服务是北京服务贸易的第一大类,近年来,贸易收入保持稳步增长,但一直存在较大的贸易逆差,贸易竞争力低于全国水平。造成北京物流服务领域贸易逆差的主要原因包括物流企业规模小且竞争力较弱、货物贸易迅速增长与物流行业产能不足的矛盾突出、物流服务领域开放程度不适度以及未充分发挥区域合作优势。因此,政府应对外商在物流服务业的投资进行适当引导,同时,学习国外经验,加强政策导向,对国内企业进行适度保护,为物流企业创造良好的发展条件,全方位发展海陆空运输业;物流服务企业应通过参股、控股、联合、兼并等途径,实现集约化与规模化,进一步提高技术水平和服务质量,全面提升国际竞争力。此外,大中型进出口企业应积极寻求与国内大型物流企业的合作,通过运贸一体化,把握国际货运主动权。只有这样,才能使北京物流服务走出贸易逆差困境。     

我国农村医疗保健体制改革的障碍因素和政策建议

以我国医疗保健体制改革为背景；从我国农村经济的特征出发，通过对我国医疗卫生费用支出和城乡居民医疗保健费用支出构成及其变化趋势的分析，探讨了影响我国农村医疗保健体制改革的障碍因素，进而提出应从完善政府对农村公共卫生的管理体制和投入机制，深化农村合作医疗保险制度和配套体制的改革，挖掘农村医疗卫生人力资源的潜力，建立农村居民增收的长效机制等方面入手深化我国农村医疗保健体制改革的政策建议。     

Child Care Caregiver Sensitivity and Attachment

Changes in child care caregivers' sensitivity and in children's attachment security were examined in three studies. Study one involved 55 children enrolled in community based child care. There was no intervention in these sites. Caregiver responsive involvement and children's attachment security did not change over time or when children changed caregivers. Study two involved 71 toddler age children enrolled in family child care homes. The caregivers of these children were enrolled in a family child care training project. Six months after the training security scores increased and caregivers of children who became secure or remained secure were more sensitive following training. Study three involved 36 children enrolled in center-based child care. Children were observed before and after selective staff replacement and in-service training to increase caregiver sensitivity. Six months following intervention security scores increased and caregivers of children who became secure or remained secure were more sensitive following training.     

居家养老研究综述

居家养老是有中国特色并合乎中国国情的养老方式。本文指出了关于居家养老研究在近十年时间里取得的主要进展,分别讨论了居家养老方式的概念、特征、必要性、目前存在的问题及相关对策等,并在此基础上,归纳了居家养老方式研究中存在的关键问题及展望。     

清代的清查亏空(续完)

财政亏空及其清查,贯穿有清一代,而且每个朝代都有不同的特色。但从总体上看,在三个时期最为突出:一是康熙中后期,这一时期对亏空的清查,主要是对藩库钱粮的及时盘查,对地方藩库亏空的如实、及时上报,以及对亏空钱粮的追赔和弥补措施。二是雍正朝的清查亏空,主要是设立会考府,清查户部的亏空,以及清查地方藩库的银两亏空和清查各地仓库的粮食亏空。并有相应的政策出台,如规定弥补亏空的年限,颁布清查亏空的奖惩则例,明确亏空官员的处罚,区分挪移与侵欺的界限,以及用耗羡归公的方法弥补无着亏空等。三是乾隆年间对亏空的清查,主要表现在两个方面,一方面,对清查亏空的奖惩则例多有修改补充;另一方面,对雍正年间赔补亏空的一些做法,进行了纠偏。     

The Pervasive and Persistent Influence of Caste on Child Mortality in India

This study examines the effect of caste on child mortality and maternal health care utilization in rural India using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) carried out during 1998–1999. Results from multilevel discrete-time hazard models indicate that, net of individual-level and community-level controls, children belonging to low castes have higher risks of death and women belonging to low castes have lower rates of antenatal and delivery care utilization than children and women belonging to upper castes. At the same time, the controls account for most of the differences within the low castes. Further analysis shows that the mortality disadvantage of low castes is more pronounced in poorer districts. These results highlight the need to target low caste members in the provision of maternal and child health services.