居家养老研究综述

居家养老是有中国特色并合乎中国国情的养老方式。本文指出了关于居家养老研究在近十年时间里取得的主要进展,分别讨论了居家养老方式的概念、特征、必要性、目前存在的问题及相关对策等,并在此基础上,归纳了居家养老方式研究中存在的关键问题及展望。     

清代的清查亏空(续完)

财政亏空及其清查,贯穿有清一代,而且每个朝代都有不同的特色。但从总体上看,在三个时期最为突出:一是康熙中后期,这一时期对亏空的清查,主要是对藩库钱粮的及时盘查,对地方藩库亏空的如实、及时上报,以及对亏空钱粮的追赔和弥补措施。二是雍正朝的清查亏空,主要是设立会考府,清查户部的亏空,以及清查地方藩库的银两亏空和清查各地仓库的粮食亏空。并有相应的政策出台,如规定弥补亏空的年限,颁布清查亏空的奖惩则例,明确亏空官员的处罚,区分挪移与侵欺的界限,以及用耗羡归公的方法弥补无着亏空等。三是乾隆年间对亏空的清查,主要表现在两个方面,一方面,对清查亏空的奖惩则例多有修改补充;另一方面,对雍正年间赔补亏空的一些做法,进行了纠偏。     

The Pervasive and Persistent Influence of Caste on Child Mortality in India

This study examines the effect of caste on child mortality and maternal health care utilization in rural India using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) carried out during 1998–1999. Results from multilevel discrete-time hazard models indicate that, net of individual-level and community-level controls, children belonging to low castes have higher risks of death and women belonging to low castes have lower rates of antenatal and delivery care utilization than children and women belonging to upper castes. At the same time, the controls account for most of the differences within the low castes. Further analysis shows that the mortality disadvantage of low castes is more pronounced in poorer districts. These results highlight the need to target low caste members in the provision of maternal and child health services.     

农村医疗保障政策视角下的政府角色

为研究政府在农村医疗保障中的角色,厘清政府的职能和责任,分析了公共政策和农村医疗保障的制度性障碍及其深层次的问题。分析认为,当前农村医疗保障水平低的根本原因在于政府的治理失效。研究结果表明,农村社会保障制度的完善,农村医疗卫生事业的发展最终有赖于：政府明确自身的主导地位;制定符合中国国情的农村医疗卫生制度;设立农村医疗卫生事业的专项资金;推进和完善新型农村合作医疗制度。     

From Street‐level Bureaucrats to Street‐level Policy Entrepreneurs? Central Policy and Local Action in Lottery‐funded Community Cancer Care

Recent contributions to the policy implementation literature have applied Kingdon's model of ‘policy windows’ to the implementation of policy on health inequalities in the UK, and have identified the key role played by ‘policy entrepreneurs’ at local as well as national level. Despite this, the picture that emerges is of frustration of central policy intentions at the local level, alongside frustration of local aspirations by the centre. This article explores the relationship between central policy and local implementation in the context of a Lottery‐funded initiative to develop community cancer care in the UK. We examine the relationships: between the BIG Lottery Fund and central government; between BIG and the cancer care projects it funded; and between the projects and their local economy of cancer care. We found evidence of success both in vertical cascading of policy and in local policy innovation; 83 per cent of projects succeeded in obtaining continuation funding at the end of their Lottery funding. We suggest that this was due, in part, to two features of Lottery funding and accountability that combined to differentiate it from the other policy initiatives studied. They meant that projects were ‘buffered’ not just from national policy churn, but also from competing local priorities. In the ‘protected space’ that was thus formed, ‘street‐level policy entrepreneurs’ played a key role in developing cancer care innovations for adoption by mainstream funding agencies.     

学生自杀与学校责任——(2002)天法民初字第1424号民事判决书之检讨

注意义务是指导致损害赔偿责任的不是过错,而是指在具体情况下被告没有尽到合理的注意义务。注意义务已成为确定损害赔偿责任的一项重要衡量标准。注意义务本质上是一种衡量结果而非行为的工具。注意义务的判断标准有:被害人和加害人之间关系的紧密性;被告对损害的发生的合理预见性;在具体案例中,为保护一方之利益,而对他方课以注意义务,还要考虑是否合理公平且符合正义要求。     

"四老一小"社会医疗保障面临的困境和出路

分析了我国现行社会医疗保障制度的现状及困境,提出了一个特殊群体:夫妻双方都是独生子女的家庭,面临的"四老一小"的医疗保健,是其他社会群体所没有的特殊困难和问题。分担这些家庭医疗保健的重担,是继续坚持计划生育基本国策的需要,是对"四老"当年积极实施计划生育政策应有的回报,是社会无可旁贷的责任。率先解决"四老一小"的医疗保障具有现实可行性。     

美国贸易逆差调整对中国对外贸易的影响

中美之间的贸易失衡引起了广泛关注。美国的贸易逆差已经处于不可持续的状态。由于美国在中国对外贸易中处于重要地位,一旦美国开始紧缩贸易逆差,将会给中国的对外贸易带来巨大冲击。从地区来看,虽然美国进口商品中来自中国的比重不断上升,但这是由于中国取代了东亚其他国家而成为美国重要的进口地。从产品结构来看,由于美中贸易逆差的三分之二以上集中于消费品领域,未来中美之间的贸易环境将更为艰难。美国对高科技产品出口中国的限制加剧了中美之间的贸易失衡。中国对服务业的开放将给美国带来迅速增长的贸易顺差,能够部分抵消商品贸易上的巨额逆差。由于中国各地方省市对美国市场的依赖程度不同,美国进行贸易调整时对各地的影响会存在差异。对美国市场的依赖程度越大,受到的相对影响必然越大。在出口方面,天津、福建、上海和广东对美国市场的依赖性最强;在进口方面,上海、山东、天津、福建和北京对美国市场的依赖性最强。     

COMMUNITY AND CARE WORK IN A WORLD OF CHANGING IDEOLOGIES

Seymour B. Sarason, one of the founders of community psychology, has stated the need for developing barometers of community changes. The authors present a methodology for identifying societal ideologies, ideological shifts and power relations as reflected by the language of public discourse. As a case study, systematic analyses of changes in the Norwegian language over the last two decades are presented. It is demonstrated how Norwegian society has been gradually transformed from a traditional Scandinavian welfare society towards the values and ideals of neo-liberalist market ideology: for instance, language reflects and supports competitive practices increasingly being applied to public service provision. Another example is that the public discourse of individual rights has gradually been overshadowing the discourse of community duties and obligations. On the other hand, the analyses also reveal counter-ideologies, reflected, for example, in the launching of new words and expressions critical to neo-liberalist ideology.