基于风险规避和公平偏好的供应链收益共享契约协调研究

在一个简单的二级供应链系统中,建立了供应商和零售商同时具有风险规避和公平偏好的收益共享契约协调模型,通过修正、扩展FS效用收益模型,先后考察并分析了分散决策和集中决策下供应链的协调状态,研究发现,供应商和零售商的风险规避系数和公平偏好系数及收益份额必须满足特定的条件,收益共享契约才能使系统供应链整体达到协调状态;在此基础上,对风险规避和公平偏好因素进行敏感度分析,得到供应商和零售商行为偏好系数对供应链及成员最优订货量的影响;最后进行演化博弈算例分析和结论验证,体现了该协调模型的有效性和实用性。由此说明供应商和零售商的风险规避和公平偏好因素同时作用会改变系统供应链协调时的最优订货量,并对决策人的决策行为产生很大的影响。     

制造商竞争下闭环供应链的押金返还制度研究

本文研究制造商竞争环境下,政府对闭环供应链成员实施押金返还制度时,废旧电器电子产品的回收决策问题。首先构建了制造商完全垄断情形的闭环供应链基准决策模型,然后考虑制造商之间的竞争,分别构建政府对制造商和对回收商实施押金返还制度的闭环供应链决策模型,最后对结果进行比较和分析。研究表明：押金返还制度可以使新产品的零售价和废旧产品的回购价降低;制造商间的竞争和押金返还制度均可以提高闭环供应链中废旧电器电子产品的回收率;与对制造商实施押金返还制度的情形相比,对回收商实施押金返还制度时闭环供应链的总利润和回收率更高。     

创新驱动下新零售服务供应链质量协同改进的稳态策略

技术和消费的“双升”加快了新零售服务供应链的形成和产生,同时也通过驱动其质量系统的协同改进及动态演化实现持续的发展。本文从创新驱动质量的动态视角,分析创新驱动下新零售服务供应链中多主体协同质量改进的运行机制和动态演化过程,运用演化博弈方法分析构建多主体协同的动态演化博弈模型,以此分析新零售服务供应链协同质量改进中各参与主体的博弈策略选择,并利用雅克比矩阵判断其策略稳定性。研究表明：在多元参与主体利益诉求得到满足的前提下,多主体协同质量改进能够保持系统稳定状态;多主体间的质量势差与协同质量改进稳定性呈现出反比关系;良好的质量协同效应、独立的内部监督机制等能有效的促进协同质量改进系统稳定。     

实报还是谎报——双边信息激励与供应链效率

探讨了双边不对称信息下供应链信息真实分享和谎报对效率的影响。首先,给出完全信息下的最优商品交易量和供应链利润作为比较基准。其次,构建双方信息真实分享的激励模型。研究发现激励双方信息真实共享所需的信息租金降低交易量和供应链利润。再次,构建允许信息谎报的交易量谈判模型。研究发现,供销双方都偏好高报自己的信息类型。个体谎报信息的幅度随着谈判力增加而减小。拥有绝对谈判力的一方不会谎报信息。供应链效率与谎报信息的幅度、成本上界以及销售价格相关。最后,通过数值算例对实报信息和谎报信息下交易量、供应链个体利润及效率进行对比分析。研究结果为管理实践提供一定的洞见:供应链企业是否激励双边信息分享可根据双方成本大小进行选择。     

生鲜产品供应链最优化决策综述与拓展建议

生鲜产品具有强时效、低残值、高随机的特点。为综合了解生鲜产品企业的优化决策及其供应链的契约协调,采用文献归纳法,综述生鲜产品的易逝性刻画方法、生鲜企业的优化决策模型、以及渠道契约协调机制,并分析进一步可以拓展的研究方向。拓展建议有三点,一是将市场或消费者因素纳入变质率函数;二是寻找全链保鲜投入和终端货架服务与成本效益的均衡点:三是设计兼具收益共享和成本分担功能的契约机制。     

要素禀赋、农户分化与农业价值链技术选择偏向

基于551份猕猴桃种植户调研数据,通过聚类分析方法将猕猴桃种植户分成发展型、规模种植型、劳动力富裕型三类,实证检验种植户类型对有机肥施用、新品种采纳、猕猴桃网络销售三个价值链技术活动选择的异质偏向性,分析农机补贴、产业组织检测、技术培训三个组织支持变量的调节效应。结果发现：发展型对于三个价值链技术活动及其联合采纳的选择偏向性高于其他类型,劳动力富裕型种植户对价值链技术活动的选择偏向性低于其他两个类型种植户。三个组织支持变量对同一类型种植户参与不同价值链技术活动以及不同类型种植户参与同一价值链技术活动的影响具有异质性。因此,针对不同类型价值链技术活动参与特征以及组织支持调节作用提出相应的政策建议。     

产品质量差异与需求不确定双因素下的双渠道供应链分销策略选择

在考虑产品质量差异与需求不确定双因素影响的基础上,通过构建垂直Nash定价与库存联合博弈模型,研究当线上与线下双渠道销售特定异质产品时,供应链成员如何根据不同的产品类型选择最优分销策略以实现双渠道供应链的共赢。研究结果表明:对于质量差异化低且需求不确定性低的产品类型,供应链成员的共赢分销策略是在线下渠道销售低质量产品并在线上渠道销售高质量产品;对于质量差异化低且需求不确定性高的产品类型,共赢分销策略是在线下销售高质量产品并在线上销售低质量产品;当制造商采用“做坏品”质量差异化策略时,产品类型和分销策略之间的最佳匹配依然保持稳健。     

Dynamic reliability models with conditional proportional hazards

A dynamic approach to the stochastic modelling of reliability systems is further explored. This modelling approach is particularly appropriate for load-sharing, software reliability, and multivariate failure-time models, where component failure characteristics are affected by their degree of use, amount of load, or extent of stresses experienced. This approach incorporates the intuitive notion that when a set of components in a coherent system fail at a certain time, there is a jump from one structure function to another which governs the residual lifetimes of the remaining functioning components, and since the component lifetimes are intrinsically affected by the structure function which they constitute, then at such a failure time there should also be a jump in the stochastic structure of the lifetimes of the remaining components. For such dynamically-modelled systems, the stochastic characteristics of their jump times are studied. These properties of the jump times allow us to obtain the properties of the lifetime of the system. In particular, for a Markov dynamic model, specific expressions for the exact distribution functions of the jump times are obtained for a general coherent system, a parallel system, and a series-parallel system. We derive a new family of distribution functions which describes the distributions of the jump times for a dynamically-modelled system.     

Sample selection in radiocarbon dating

Archaeologists working on the island of O'ahu, Hawai'i, use radiocarbon dating of samples of organic matter found trapped in fish-pond sediments to help them to learn about the chronology of the construction and use of the aquicultural systems created by the Polynesians. At one particular site, Loko Kuwili, 25 organic samples were obtained and funds were available to date an initial nine. However, on calibration to the calendar scale, the radiocarbon determinations provided date estimates that had very large variances. As a result, major issues of chronology remained unresolved and the archaeologists were faced with the prospect of another expensive programme of radiocarbon dating. This paper presents results of research that tackles the problems associated with selecting samples from those which are still available. Building on considerable recent research that utilizes Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to aid archaeologists in their radiocarbon calibration and interpretation, we adopt the standard Bayesian framework of risk functions, which allows us to assess the optimal samples to be sent for dating. Although rather computer intensive, our algorithms are simple to implement within the Bayesian radiocarbon framework that is already in place and produce results that are capable of direct interpretation by the archaeologists. By dating just three more samples from Loko Kuwili the expected variance on the date of greatest interest could be substantially reduced.     

Application of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to modelling birth prevalence of Down syndrome

Data collected before the routine application of prenatal screening are of unique value in estimating the natural live-birth prevalence of Down syndrome. However, much of these data are from births from over 20 years ago and they are of uncertain quality. In particular, they are subject to varying degrees of underascertainment. Published approaches have used ad hoc corrections to deal with this problem or have been restricted to data sets in which ascertainment is assumed to be complete. In this paper we adopt a Bayesian approach to modelling ascertainment and live-birth prevalence. We consider three prior specifications concerning ascertainment and compare predicted maternal-age-specific prevalence under these three different prior specifications. The computations are carried out by using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods in which model parameters and missing data are sampled.