二战中日本军部进行化学战的罪责

化学武器是国际法明文禁止的违背人道的大规模杀人武器 ,而日本军部在第一次世界大战后期 ,就着手研制这种武器了。日本军部不仅在国内设置研制化学武器的机构 ,而且在所侵占的中国领土上建立化学武器的基地 ,目的是便于对中国和前苏联进行化学战和用中国活人进行试验。在中国战场上 ,日本军部部署、命令、督促和教育日军大规模使用化学武器 ,发起第一次世界大战以来规模最大的化学战 ,造成中国军民大量伤亡     

Major Chemical Accidents in Industrializing Countries: The Socio-Political Amplification of Risk

Accidents in the chemical industry, such as those that took place in Seveso (1976) and Bhopal (1984), may kill or injure thousands of people, cause serious health hazards and irreversible environmental damage. The aim of this paper is to examine the ever-increasing risk of similar accidents becoming a frequent ocurrence in the so-called industrializing countries. Using figures from some of the worst chemical accidents in the last decades, data on the Bhopal disaster, and Brazil's social and institutional characteristics, we put forward the hypothesis that present social, political and economic structures in industrializing countries make these countries much more vulnerable to such accidents and create the type of setting where–if and when these accidents occur–they will have even more catastrophic consequences. The authors argue that only the transformation of local structures, and stronger technical cooperation between international organizations, industrialized and industrializing countries could reduce this vulnerability.     

提高化工认识实习教学质量的方法探讨

认识实习是理论联系实际的重要教学形式,是教学计划中的主要实践性环节。简述了认识实习的重要性和必要性,分析了制约化工认识实习质量的因素,阐述了提高化工认识实习质量的方法途径,这样就可以逐步建立起一套适应我校化工认识实习的新的教学模式,有效提高化工认识实习质量。     

解评中国经济难点

中国的改革目前已进入攻坚战的关键时期,粮食安全、国企改革、重化工业发展等问题已日益成为阻碍现阶段经济发展的难题.解决这些难题可以从以下几个方面寻找突破口:在粮食安全问题上,应以推动土地流转、实现规模经营为重点;在国企改革中,必须建立企业内部及企业与政府之间的制衡机制;对于重化工业是否优先发展的问题,以适应市场需要为准则;在宏观调控问题上,重点在于调控结构而非总量,应发挥市场与政府的分工合作;在政府改革问题上,要将改革的重点放在重新定位政府的角色与职能上,使政府成为人民的仆人而非主人.     

化学平衡必然性的简要论证和正确图示

化学平衡是化学反应的重要规律 ,化学平衡必然性的论证又是物理化学中必列内容 .但现在常用的物理化学教材对此缺乏严谨而简明的推证 .本文根据函数取极值的必要条件 ,直接由吉布斯自由能G对反应进度 ζ的偏微商 ( G ζ) T .P的函数组成及取值 ,应用数学分析基本原理进行了简要的论证 .本论证直观、便捷 ,并对化学反应的平衡必然性的图示和教具制作也附带作了讨论     

离心泵性能实验教学改革初探

离心泵性能实验是化工原理实验教学的重要内容,结合离心泵性能实验的教学实践,就实验内容的选择,实验理论课的讲解、电化教学手段的采用、实验成绩的考核办法、实验指导方式的改革以及对实验教学过程中的流量Q的处理和数据处理的改进等方面进行了探索。     

CAXA在化工设备设计中的应用

随着化工设备设计过程中对零部件标准化、系列化程度的要求不断提高,应用计算机辅助技术进行优化设计和快速绘制化工设备图成为必然的发展趋势.应用国产计算机辅助技术软件-CAXA电子图板可实现化工设备零部件标准化、系列化设计,快速进行化工设备优化设计,降低设计人员劳动强度,提高化工设备制图速度.     

精细化工专业实验课的教学实践

阐述精细化工专业实验的内容设置、教学活动及其收效.提出专业实验的内容应配合专业学科的前沿内容,专业实验的教学应突出培养学生综合素质.分析了专业实验教学中存在的不足,并提出了改进设想.     

Chronic Health Risks from Aggregate Exposures to Ionizing Radiation and Chemicals: Scientific Basis for an Assessment Framework

Very little quantitative analysis is currently available on the cumulative effects of exposure to multiple hazardous agents that have either similar or different mechanisms of action. Over the past several years, efforts have been made to develop the methodologies for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, but mixed exposures to two or more dissimilar agents such as radiation and one or more chemical agents have not yet been addressed in any substantive way. This article reviews the current understanding of the health risks arising from mixed exposures to ionizing radiation and specific chemicals. Specifically discussed is how mixed radiation/chemical exposures, when evaluated in aggregation, were linked to chronic health endpoints such as cancer and intermediate health outcomes such as chromosomal aberrations. Also considered is the extent to which the current practices are consistent with the scientific understanding of the health risks associated with mixed-agent exposures. From this the discussion moves to the research needs for assessing the cumulative health risks from aggregate exposures to ionizing radiation and chemicals. The evaluation indicates that essentially no guidance has been provided for conducting risk assessment for two agents with different mechanisms of action (i.e., energy deposition from ionizing radiation versus DNA interactions with chemicals) but similar biological endpoints (i.e., chromosomal aberrations, mutations, and cancer). The literature review also reveals the problems caused by the absence of both the basic science and an appropriate evaluation framework for the combined effects of mixed-agent exposures. This makes it difficult to determine whether there is truly no interaction or somehow the interaction is masked by the scale of effect observation or inappropriate dose-response assumptions.     

锌在PAN修饰的铅笔芯电极上的差分脉冲阳极溶出伏安特性

用1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚(PAN)修饰铅笔芯电极研究锌的差分脉冲阳极溶出伏安特性。测得锌在 PAN 修饰的铅笔芯电极(PCPE)上,于—0.92V 处有良好的溶出峰。峰电流 i_p 与锌离子浓度在4.0×10~(-7)～4.0×10~(-5)mol·L~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系。用以测定植物中的微量锌,与原子吸收法测定结果基本一致。并初步探讨了该修饰电极对锌的富集和溶出机理。