Childcare involvement, job characteristics, gender and work attitudes as predictors of emotional exhaustion and sickness absence

Reports in the literature vary regarding the existence of gender differences in relation to burnout and sickness absence. To investigate this, the present study was aimed at investigating the role of several gender-relevant variables, particularly childcare obligations, job characteristics, and work attitudes in emotional exhaustion and sickness absence in 404 male and female nurses in an institution for people with learning difficulties. Questionnaires were administered reflecting demographic and job characteristics, work and non-work attitudes, and emotional exhaustion (as measured by the Emotional Exhaustion Scale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory). Female nurses were expected to report higher levels of emotional exhaustion and to be absent through sickness more often than men. Also, childcare investment, job characteristics, and (non) work attitudes were expected—via emotional exhaustion—to predict gender differences in sickness absence. It was found that women did not have higher sickness absence rates, and although a gender difference appeared in emotional exhaustion it was in the opposite direction from that predicted. For both genders, emotional exhaustion had a significant positive effect on sickness absence, and especially childcare investment and number of work hours appeared to contribute to both outcomes. These results are of interest because, despite current stereotypes, sickness absence was not higher in women, and neither were women more at risk for emotional exhaustion. In particular, load—workload as well as care load—appeared to predict emotional exhaustion and thus sickness absence.     

对加入WTO后我国补贴制度的反思

补贴在我国改革开放和经济发展中发挥着重要作用 ,成为我国经济调控的重要手段之一。随着我国加入WTO ,经济和对外贸易进一步发展 ,很有可能会成为国际反补贴的主要矛头之一。国际上其他发达国家针对中国内地市场的违规补贴行为也可能会迅速增加 ,中国针对其他国家的反补贴调查案件也可能会随之增加。因此 ,积极反思我国补贴制度现状 ,寻找差距 ,剖析原因 ,研究对策 ,在当前具有重要的现实意义。     

对高校实施国家助学贷款中的若干问题思考

根据国家助学贷款在高校实施的现状,针对实施中存在的问题,探讨了如何建立完善国家助学贷款工作的有关制度和措施。     

建设婴幼儿友好社区：经验与启示

社区是影响婴幼儿发展及家庭养育的重要外部环境,完善0-3 岁婴幼儿托育服务体系对建设婴幼儿友好社区提出要 求。文章结合国际范围内儿童友好城市和社区建设的经验,从空间环境、服务内容、实施体系三个方面探讨建设婴幼儿友好社 区的基本需求。同时,基于国内已有的儿童友好城市或社区相关政策及现状,提出建设婴幼儿友好社区的三点建议：国家政策 引领,完善相关制度及规范;城市因地制宜,提升儿童友好意识;社区普惠亲子,善用内外资源;以期通过多方协作促进更多婴 幼儿友好社区在我国顺利落地。     

0-3 岁托育需求影响因素研究：基于对市场与政府的期望

2016年的全面二孩政策实施效果不及预期,我国的低生育水平难以改善。生育率的高低与生育意愿息息相关,随着三孩政策的出台,幼儿的托育困境作为制约广大群众生育意愿的重要因素亟需得到关注。运用武汉市3岁以下婴幼儿父母问卷调查数据,构建二元Logit模型研究群众因素、市场因素和政府因素与家庭托育需求之间的关系。研究发现:家庭结构、家庭收入、孩子年龄、影响工作程度,母亲受教育程度,托育市场的经济性、便利性和质量以及政府的政策支持会显著影响家庭的托育需求。基于实证结果,提出政策建议:推动托育服务供给主体多元化,促进托育服务规范化发展,发展普惠性公共托育服务,提升托育服务便利性,增强家庭抚育能力。     

新兴国家如何应对美欧大飞机补贴新规则——美国诉欧盟大飞机WTO案件评析

波音和空客公司垄断着全球大飞机市场,双方政府都提供了巨额补贴,为此两国进行了两次诉讼。美国诉欧盟最新讼案经DSB近7年的审理,上诉机构做出终裁。裁决适用了《SCM协议》并做出新的规则解释,对欧盟各项补贴措施只予有限禁止,对第三方的"警示"作用大于对美国的"救济"作用。文章通过对该案评析,认为新兴国家应在基础设施、政府投资、贷款支持、研发资助等方面采取可行措施以应对美欧的新规则。     

试论SCM协定下事实上的出口补贴——以美国诉欧盟及其成员国影响民用大型飞机贸易措施案为例

WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第3.1(a)条规定，“事实上以预期的出口实绩为条件”的出口补贴被列为禁止性补贴。它应满足两个要件，即政府补贴的授予“预期”了出口实绩并且与出口实绩“相挂钩”。“预期”意味着将来可能有出口实绩，但并不一定会发生。“相挂钩”意味着如果没有出口实绩，政府就不授予补贴。美国诉欧盟及其成员国影响民用大型飞机贸易措施案中，专家组对此规则进行了非常宽泛的解释。此解释显然不利于后起的WTO成员方促进民用飞机产业的发展。为此，中国应谨慎实施事实上刺激和鼓励民用飞机的出口补贴，积极推动与完善民用飞机产业补贴的国际和国内立法。     

Efficient enrollments using high tuition-high aid

The goal of high tuition-high aid is to charge high-pay residents the nonresident tuition net of the state subsidy to support low-income residents. This approach often ignores differences in program costs and presumes the state appropriation will not react. Here tuition and subsidy structures are developed as rules in a welfare-maximization framework. Once fixed costs are accommodated, low-pay resident enrollments can be admitted at marginal cost, thereby achieving efficient enrollments. The models are applied to Penn State University, where it is shown that high tuition-high aid can approximate actual tuition policy, accommodate enrollments of low-income students, and increase total welfare.