Who uses public childcare for 2‐year‐old children? Coherent family policies and usage patterns in Sweden,Finland and Western Germany

European countries have increased their public childcare provision for children under age 3. However, it is unclear if and how usage patterns differ across countries. This study examined the relationship between the socio‐economic characteristics of mothers and the use of childcare for 2‐year‐old children. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for the years 2005–2008, we analysed the characteristics of mothers and usage patterns in Sweden, Finland and Western Germany. To single out the effect of maternal employment, working and non‐working mothers were investigated separately. Our findings showed that, in Sweden, a country with strong support for dual‐earner families, usage was largely independent of mothers' characteristics. However, in Western Germany, where more support is given to male breadwinner families, and in Finland, a country with pluralistic family support, highly educated mothers were found to be more likely to use childcare than were mothers with lower levels of education.     

在现行政府补贴政策条件下规模种粮大户的效益分析

通过对永川区种粮大户的调查,并与典型的水稻高产示范户和大面积生产上普通农户的种稻效益对比分析,结论为;在现行政府种粮扶持和补贴政策下,种粮大户种粮规模面积越大,总经营纯收益越高、为出租地农户提供的土地收益越多、为农村剩余劳动力提供的务工收入也越多、社会贡献也就越大;其单位面积种稻直接纯收益不如高产示范户,但比一般农户种稻收益水平高出许多.     

我国农村土地抛荒的关键因素研究

根据全国25个省（市）1985—2009年的面板数据,实证分析几个关键因素对农村土地抛荒（种粮补贴和粮食价格）的影响。结果表明：种粮补贴对农村土地抛荒的发生概率没有显著性影响,增加种粮补贴并未减少农村土地抛荒。原因在于种粮补贴机制不健全,政府应改变种粮补贴政策的具体执行方式,使之成为种粮的激励因素。粮食价格对农村土地抛荒的发生概率具有显著性影响,提高粮食价格能减少农村土地抛荒,但作用有限,其原因一是第一产业收入低于工资性收入,不再成为农户最重要的收入来源;二是粮食市场体系不完善。因此,政府应打破粮食市场垄断局面,粮食收购企业应建立粮食质量信息甄选机制,消除信息不对称和逆向选择,促进粮食收购企业和粮农之间的良性循环。     

Defining quality care for looked after children: frontline workers’ perspectives on standards and all that?

This paper examines residential childcare workers’ perceptions of quality and how they relate to the growing performance measurement culture within social work over the last 10 years. In particular, it is concerned with examining how workers define quality services and what this means for the government's standards approach with its emphasis on tangible activities around process rather than outcomes. In addition this paper considers the prospects for developing quality in residential care and what frontline workers assess as adding to and/or subtracting from that activity. The growing performance measurement and standards culture being propagated by central government is considered in the context of workers’ perceptions and influence, particularly as it relates to the potential to maximize the quality of the service provided. In this context staff perceptions are obtained from nine children's units in two local authorities with the intention of providing research evidence to a debate very often centred on belief rather than fact.     

State Policy? Traditional Gender Stereotypes? Relative Contributions of Factors Affecting Positive Work–Family Interface for Working Mothers in Korea

This study explores the gap between policy rhetoric and the reality faced by Korean working mothers, by addressing the following question; whether and to what extent do policy measures for work–family balance contribute to positive work–family interface for working mothers? Although the Korean government has advocated a positive relation between state policy and satisfaction with work–family balance, this is not necessarily the case in practice. To this end, this study focuses on the relative contribution of policy measures to achieve work–family balance reported by working mothers, in relative to traditional gender stereotypes based on Confucian culture as well as working conditions. An empirical analysis with 1,082 Korean working mothers shows interesting findings. First of all, the contribution of policy towards the reported satisfaction in work–family balance is not supported, while the set of traditional gender stereotypes is found to be a negative contributor. Husbands’ psychological support for their wives’ employment, which seems to strengthen the impact of traditional gender stereotypes, follows. The implications of the findings are discussed in depth, by considering the relationships between policy outcomes and traditional gender stereotypes in Korea.     

WTO《农业协议》下的粮食安全——基于发达与发展中国家博弈的思考

国家粮食安全的本质要素决定了发达与发展中国家的博弈,但两者实力的悬殊导致WTO《农业协议》对粮食安全作出了不平衡的规定,这严重限制了发展中国家粮食安全的政策空间。多哈农业谈判也不能根本改变这一现状。因此,对于发展中国家而言,保障粮食安全不能仅依赖于贸易,而应从两方面着手:一是从公平贸易出发,争取农业发展的有利外部环境;二是从开放与保护相结合出发,加强国内政策对粮食生产的支持。     

坚持粮食流通市场化改革方向，完善粮食最低收购价政策

粮食最低收购价政策在执行过程中，发挥了政策优势，也面临一些问题。必须坚持粮食流通市场化改革方向，建立以直接补贴为核心的粮食最低收购价政策，以更好地发挥粮食最低收购价政策的效力。     

“托幼一体”立法：规范表达、体例结构与立法权限配置——基于上海和台湾地方立法的比较与启示

法治化在各国或地区的托幼一体改革中发挥了重要作用。我国上海市和台湾地区分别于2022年和2011年制定了地方托幼一体法,以规范和引导辖区内托幼一体事业发展,保障公民权利。但因立法动因不同,两地立法在“托幼一体”的立法表达、“托幼一体法”的立法体例和法律文本呈现形式上存在较大差异。地方立法对全国立法具有试验和先导功能,分析上海和台湾托幼一体地方立法的差异,把握差异背后的法理与逻辑,可为全国托幼一体立法提供针对性建议。     

高校住房制度改革十年探讨

住房制度不仅是经济制度的重要组成部分,也是社会制度的重要组成部分。通过住房 制度的改革,使其适应国民经济的发展和人民生活条件改善的需求,是实现国家长治久安, 学校全面健康发展的重要方面。住房实物福利分配的停止,住房补贴的逐步到位,使教职工 在住房的需求上已经由"要住房找校长",开始向"要住房找市场"的观念转移,这意味着 一种分配观念的结束,也集中反映了北航十年住房改革的重要成果。最终实现住房商品化、 购房社会化、管理物业化,是住房制度改革的根本目的。     

能源补贴改革对资源效率和环境污染治理影响研究——基于动态CGE模型的分析

本文构建动态CGE模型,以化石和可再生能源补贴政策为对象,模拟不同类型能源补贴政策改革对经济发展、资源效率、碳排放及雾霾治理的差异性影响。研究表明：总体而言,能源补贴政策对宏观经济具有积极的促进作用,但在一定程度上会提高能源消费强度;不同类型的能源补贴政策方案影响的差异性较大,化石能源在促进经济增长的同时,对环境改善和碳排放目标实现产生不利影响,特别是煤炭补贴能有效降低能源使用成本,极大促进产业总产出和经济增长,但会不利于环境改善,对可再生能源补贴有利于能源利用效率提高和人均资源盈余改善,降低污染物和雾霾排放增速;因此,必须注重不同类型能源补贴政策协调性和差异性,短期内以化石能源补贴为主,长期而言,应逐步加大可再生能源补贴,更加有利于低碳转型和环境改善。