北京市社会办养老院入住老人生活状况及满意度调查分析

随着社会福利社会化及相关政策的出台,社会办养老院迅速发展起来,机构养老方式也逐渐为更多的老人所接受。在养老院数量快速增加的同时,其服务质量也应得到及时的关注。本文在对北京市社会办养老院入住老人生活状况和满意度问卷调查的基础上,分析了入住老人的生活质量和支持网络,并且从服务使用者的角度探析社会办养老院的服务状况和服务质量,并藉此对此类养老院近期的发展提出建议。     

从民众心理看抗美援朝战争胜利的原因——以重庆市大足县龙水地区为考察对象

抗美援朝战争之所以能取得胜利，与广大农民的积极支持是分不开的。以重庆大足县龙水地区为例，该地区在建国初社会秩序逐步安定下来，而土地改革又让农民得到了渴望已久的赖以生存的土地。出于对共产党领导的新政权的感激拥护、对美国的敌视心理以及自身固有的从众心理、逐利心态，加之共产党一系列以“保家卫国”为主题的适时有效的舆论宣传，最终使广大农民乐于参军支前，从而直接推动了战争向有利于我方的方向发展。     

Effectiveness and implementation of evidence-based practices in residential care settings

Purpose

Prompted by calls to implement evidence-based practices (EBPs) into residential care settings (RCS), this review addresses three questions: (1) Which EBPs have been tested with children and youth within the context of RCS? (2) What is the evidence for their effectiveness within such settings? (3) What implementation issues arise when transporting EBPs into RCS?

Methods

Evidence-based psychosocial interventions and respective outcome studies, published from 1990 to 2012, were identified through a multi-phase search process, involving the review of four major clearinghouse websites and relevant electronic databases. To be included, effectiveness had to have been previously established through a comparison group design regardless of the setting, and interventions tested subsequently with youth in RCS. All outcome studies were evaluated for quality and bias using a structured appraisal tool.

Results

Ten interventions matching a priori criteria were identified: Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach, Aggression Replacement Training, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Ecologically-Based Family Therapy, Eye Movement and Desensitization Therapy, Functional Family Therapy, Multimodal Substance Abuse Prevention, Residential Student Assistance Program, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and Trauma Intervention Program for Adjudicated and At-Risk Youth. Interventions were tested in 13 studies, which were conducted in different types of RCS, using a variety of study methods. Outcomes were generally positive, establishing the relative effectiveness of the interventions with youth in RCS across a range of psychosocial outcomes. However, concerns about methodological bias and confounding factors remain. Most studies addressed implementation issues, reporting on treatment adaptations, training and supervision, treatment fidelity and implementation barriers.

Conclusion

The review unearthed a small but important body of knowledge that demonstrates that EBPs can be implemented in RCS with encouraging results.     

‘The Older I Get,the Colder I Get’—Older People’s Perspectives on Coping in Cold Homes

Abstract

An average of 26,560 UK excess winter deaths occur in people 65+ years old each winter, of which 30% are attributed to cold homes. Cold homes are known to exacerbate health problems prevalent in the 65+ demographic. Through conducting interviews in homes occupied by 65+-year-olds known to be achieving less than the World Health Organization (WHO) minimum recommended temperature (18ºC), this article highlights their struggles in maintaining health and managing their homes, with instances of extreme and potentially dangerous methods to achieve thermal comfort identified. Fairer energy provision, better targeted financial aid, and improved support networks are necessary to alleviate current problems.     

Housing Conditions and Risk: Reporting on a European Study of Housing Quality and Risk of Accidents for Older People

The declining capacities in older people often lead to limitations in activities of daily living and a simultaneous rising demand for care services. Many of these limitations in daily activities are to a varying degree caused, enhanced or facilitated by disadvantageous housing and environmental conditions. Home modifications have been credited as an important part of the solution, allowing for an extended and safer use of the home. In order to examine this issue in more detail, this paper provides empirical evidence on the type and extent of risks associated with accidents around the home. It reports on findings from a European case study on the difficulties using the home and risks of accidents which may lead to injury. It is argued that healthy housing conditions for older persons are important to maximize the supportive capacity of one's home, to stimulate an active and healthy lifestyle, and to avoid unnecessary institutionalization.     

Family Members' Reports of Abuse in Michigan Nursing Homes

The objective of this article is to describe abuse and neglect of adults age 65 and older in Michigan nursing homes, as reported by members of their families. Using list-assisted random-digit dialing, data on abuse and neglect for a 12-month period were collected from individuals who had a relative age 65 or older in a Michigan nursing home. Of the nursing home residents represented in this analysis, the majority were female, Caucasian, and widowed. Neglect and caretaking mistreatment were the most frequent types of abuse reported. Comparison of these data with data from the National Ombudsman Reporting System suggests that family members constitute a sensitive source of data on abuse in nursing homes.     

Mental Disorders Among Non-Elderly Nursing Home Residents

Many Medicaid beneficiaries aged 22 to 64 with serious mental illness may be admitted to nursing facilities rather than psychiatric facilities as a result of Medicaid policies prohibiting coverage of inpatient psychiatric care in institutions of mental disease while requiring states to cover nursing facility care. Using nationwide Medicaid Analytic Extract claims from 2002, we found that nearly 16% of nursing home residents aged 22 to 64 had a diagnosed mental disorder, while 45.5% received antipsychotic medication, but these rates varied widely across states. Further research is necessary to determine whether, among the nation's youngest nursing home residents, care in nursing homes is potentially substituting for care in institutions for mental disease or community-based settings.     

Family members’ experiences and management of resident-to-resident abuse in long-term residential care

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Resident-to-resident (RRA) abuse is increasingly recognized as a significant problem in long-term residential care.Families have a constant presence in this setting, yet their inclusion in research about RRA is minimal. The purpose of this study was to examine family members’ experiences and management of RRA. Methods: The methodology was critical ethnography.Twelve family members participated in in-depth interviews and 56 hours of participant observation were conducted. Data were analyzed thematically. Results: The main themes illuminate families’ experiences of RRA in a context that largely normalizes it.In the absence of formal supports, families developed a range of management strategies, ranging from passive to active intervention.Organizational factors, such as staffing levels and mix, and the physical environment also contributed to RRA. Discussion: Families are actively managing RRA in long-term residential care. Policies and programs, including educational supports, should be developed to validate and support families.