Treatment-competing events in dynamic regimes

A dynamic treatment regime is a sequence of decision rules for assigning treatment based on a patient’s current need for treatment. Dynamic regimes are viewed, by many, as a natural way of treating patients with chronic diseases; that is, treating patients with adaptive, complex, longitudinal treatment regimens. In developing dynamic treatment strategies, treatment-competing events may play an important role in the overall treatment strategy, and their effects on subsequent treatment decisions and eventual outcome should be considered. Treatment-competing events may be defined generally as patient-specific, random events which interrupt the ongoing treatment decision process in a dynamic regime. Treatment-competing events censor later treatment decisions that would otherwise be made on a particular dynamic treatment regime had the competing events not occurred. For example, in therapeutic studies of HIV, physicians may assign treatment based on a patient’s current level HIV1-RNA; this defines a treatment assignment rule. However, the presence of opportunistic infections or severe adverse events may preclude a strict adherence of the treatment assignment rule. In other contexts, the “censoring”-by-death phenomenon may be viewed as an example of a treatment-competing event for a particular dynamic treatment regime. Treatment-competing events can be built into the dynamic treatment regime framework and counting processes are a natural mechanism to facilitate this development. In this paper, we develop treatment-competing events in a dynamic infusion policy, a random dynamic treatment regime where multiple infusion treatments are initiated simultaneously and given continuously over time subject to the presence/absence of a treatment-competing event. We illustrate how our methodology may be used to suggest an estimator for a particular causal estimand of recent interest. Finally, we exemplify our methods in a recent study of patients undergoing coronary stent implantation.     

社区矫正立法化研究

社区矫正作为防止犯罪人再次犯罪的一种模式, 早已或正在受到许多国家的重视。从立法的角度研究, 国外一些国家如美国、英国、日本的社区矫正制度的立法较为发达, 在对其做简要考察的基础上, 对我国的社区矫正制度现状进行分析并具体提出一些立法上的建议: 1) 对目前社区矫正的定性应拓宽, 社区矫正立法应成为一个在纵向和横向上立体化、多元化的法律体系; 2)建立相应的矫正对象分类机制, 确立新的社区矫正适用标准; 3) 应该明确矫正对象的权利和矫正工作者的权力界限; 4) 合理化惩罚体系, 将惩罚方式和矫正相衔接, 矫正型惩罚方式优先。     

中医学创新发展与现代科技的关系

现代科技革命使整个科学方法和科学观念都发生了巨大的变化。中医学的理论及其思维方法与现代科学理论及思维方法相吻合。发展中医学的战略原则是 :坚持中医学基本理论的指导 ,立足中医学的主体地位 ,大力吸收现代科学技术 (包括现代医学的知识和技术 ) ,弥补中医学微观、量化及准确性等方面的不足 ,在实践的基础上实现中医学的创新发展。辨证论治是中医的特色和优势 ,是中医理论的归宿和落脚点。将现代科技指标纳入辨证论治体系是中医学创新发展的关键     

Addiction severity predictions using client network properties

By statistical analysis of client data it is shown how past or current network information together with other knowledge assesses treatment needs. The main findings are as follows. The client's previous exposure to addicts in the family has almost no influence on his or her present contacts with addicts in daily life. About 30% of the clients have experienced addicts both in family and among friends, about 30% have only family exposure, about 20% have neither kind of exposure, and about 20% have no family exposure but have current exposure to addicts. Exposure to addicts in family implies a higher risk of severe need for professional intervention than no such exposure. For the clients with no family exposure but with current exposure to addicts there is, somewhat surprisingly, a lower risk than for the other three categories of clients. This effect seems to be mainly because the psychiatric status of these clients is somewhat better than for those in the other three categories. The effect disappears if we look solely for drug addiction intervention needs; then there is a clear increase in relative treatment needs for the categories with previous or present addiction exposure compared to those without.     

补肾汤治疗肾阳虚证的临床观察

目的探讨中药治疗肾阳虚证的有效方法.方法将肾阳虚证患者172例,随机分成两组治疗组采用自拟方补肾汤进行治疗,对照组用金匮肾气丸治疗,4周后观察疗效并进行比较.结果治疗组显效率为60.2%,总有效率为97.7%;对照组显效率为34.5%,总有效率为88.1%.两组显效率比较有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01),总有效率比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论认为补肾汤补而不腻,温而不燥,治疗肾阳虚证效果显著.     

光催化氧化法净水技术的研究进展

在阐述催化剂ＴｉＯ２特性和光催化氧化法基本机理的基础上,简要介绍光催化氧化法在氧化分解某些难降解的污染物和水质深度净化方面的研究成果及光催化氧化法的发展趋势．     

WTO体制下中国外资国民待遇问题

中国加入WTO协议对国民待遇相关内容作出承诺,这些承诺构成中国国内立法相关改革的重要内容。分析中国立法对外资机构实行国民待遇原则的措施,即侧重“整平游戏场地”和制定统一的经济法、民商法,并针对目前中国在一定范围内还不同程度上存在的“超国民待遇”和地方政府不规范竞争等缺陷提出若干建议。     

壮族的民间信仰与民俗医疗

壮族的传统医药文化非常丰富,民间至今依然盛行与宗教信仰密切相关的“神药两解”的民俗医疗方法。笔者在田野调查中发现,壮族乡村的病人在积极寻求药物治疗的同时,还借助麽公、囊妹、道士等神职人员施行各种仪式来治病,且往往能取得意想不到的效果。本文拟从田野资料出发,借鉴医学人类学的相关理论,以目前壮族农村盛行的巫术与祝由疗法为例,来探讨壮族的民间信仰与民俗医疗的关系。     

农户土地流转有助于农户群体“提低扩中”吗?

提高中低收入农户群体的收入水平是缩小居民收入差距、实现共同富裕的关键任务。利用CFPS 2018数据,使用基于RIF的ITE模型等计量方法进行分析研究发现：(1)土地流转的增收效应具有非对称性,转出土地的中低收入农户能显著增收,但转入土地的中低收入农户增收不明显;(2)东部和西部地区转出土地的中低收入农户收入增长显著;(3)土地流转(尤其是转出)有助于缩小农户间收入差距、优化农户群体的收入分配结构。实证结果稳健地说明农户土地流转对实现农户群体“提低扩中”目标具有积极意义,在此基础上提出在西部和东中部欠发达农村地区,鼓励和支持中低收入农户流转土地,以增加其兼业和非农收入等政策建议。     

加入WTO对我国外资立法的影响

WTO规则对于外商投资的协议主要有《服务贸易总协定》、《与贸易有关的投资措施协议》以及《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。这三项协议中的一些规定与我国现行的外资法形成了冲突。为适应WTO的外商投资规则 ,我国的有关外商投资的法律法规必须修改和完善 ,同时制定一部统一的《外商投资法》也是当务之急。