回收模式相异的零售商主导型闭环供应链竞争模型研究

随着经济全球化的推进，同行业竞争已逐渐由企业间的竞争转化为供应链间的竞争。在此背景下，本文围绕MR、MT和RT三种相异的回收模式组合，构建了两条零售商主导型闭环供应链的竞争博弈模型，运用逆向归纳法得到三种回收模式组合下各条链的均衡价格、回收率、渠道成员利润、单条链利润与双链总利润，然后结合链间竞争强度将不同回收模式组合的结果进行比较，研究表明：（1）在三种回收模式组合下，链间竞争强度的增加将使批发价、零售价与回收率均提高，市场需求量增大，各渠道成员的收益均得到改善，但却损害了消费者利益；（2）MR与MT组合下四条链的产品售价、单链回收率、制造商利润、零售商利润与单链总利润排序均与链间竞争强度无关，而RT组合两条链的变量均衡解、利润与MR、MT组合的数量关系与链间竞争强度密切相关；（3）对于两条竞争性闭环供应链的任一条链，若其竞争链是制造商回收链（零售商回收链），则在选择相异回收模式时，从整条链利润视角其应形成零售商回收链（制造商回收链）；若其竞争链是第三方回收链，当双链竞争不是极为剧烈时，其应形成制造商回收链，否则应形成零售商回收链；（4）当链间竞争较平稳时，MR组合的双链总利润优于MT组合和RT组合；随着双链竞争强度的增加，RT组合的双链总利润将依次超过MT组合与MR组合；当链间竞争特别激烈时，MR组合甚至低于MT组合。故链间竞争强度的增加对RT组合两条链具有最显著的积极影响，而对MR组合的影响则较为有限。本文研究不仅拓展了闭环供应链竞争理论，而且能够为现实中处于链与链竞争环境下的企业选择合理的回收模式提供理论支持。     

The strong law of large numbers for non homogeneous M-bifurcating Markov chains indexed by a M-branch Cayley tree

This article is devoted to the strong law of large numbers and the entropy ergodic theorem for non homogeneous M-bifurcating Markov chains indexed by a M-branch Cayley tree, which generalizes the relevant results of tree-indexed nonhomogeneous bifurcating Markov chains. Meanwhile, our proof is quite different from the traditional method.     

Global value chains and traditional supply chains: Evidence from Guatemala

Global value chains have been at the centre of recent research, but traditional supply chains have been given much less attention. However, quantitative data on both chain types is scarce. Therefore, it remains unclear how much smallholders, formal and informal sectors in traditional and global value chains contribute to gross domestic product (GDP), employment generation and income distribution. This article, by using a broad primary data set of 28 value chains in Guatemala, evidences that traditional chains contribute substantially to the national economy and that the income generated is much more equally distributed than in global value chains.     

Strong law of large numbers of the delayed sums for Markov Chains indexed by a Cayley tree

Abstract

In this paper, we will study the strong law of large numbers of the delayed sums for Markov chains indexed by a Cayley tree with countable state spaces. Firstly, we prove a strong limit theorem for the delayed sums of the bivariate functions for Markov chains indexed by a Cayley tree. Secondly, the strong law of large numbers for the frequencies of occurrence of states of the delayed sums is obtained. As a corollary, we obtain the strong law of large numbers for the frequencies of occurrence of states for countable Markov chains indexed by a Cayley tree.     

日本产地表示的商标法制度

有关商品或服务来源的产地表示,日本与国际条约保持一致,在各类法律中使用不同的名称和规定,在商标法中采用＂产地表示＂这一术语。日本商标法对产地表示作为商标注册主要作了限制性规定,即产地仅用一般使用的方法表示、著名的地理名称、容易使消费者产生误解的地名等不能注册。例外的情况有,产地表示由于使用而获得显著性区别的、作为地域团体商标的,可以注册并取得保护。     

从三棵脐橙树到世界第一品牌：新奇士现象的法律解读

为探讨法律体系对农业发展的作用,运用历史、案例分析与比较等研究方法,对美国新奇士现象进行法律解读。美国各个阶段法律制度对柑橘业的支持作用,体现在产业、组织、农产品、商品以及品牌等诸多方面。结合我国农业发展实际,可以参考美国的经验,从上述方面加快推动现代农业法律制度的全面构建和完善。     

Shift Techniques and Canonical Factorizations in the Solution of M/G/1-Type Markov Chains

ABSTRACT

By using properties of canonical factorizations, we prove that under very mild assumptions, the shifted cyclic reduction method (SCR) can be applied for solving QBD problems with no breakdown and that it always converges. For general M/G/1 type Markov chains we prove that SCR always converges if no breakdown is encountered. Numerical experiments showing the acceleration provided by SCR versus cyclic reduction are presented.     

钱钟书与休谟哲学

钱钟书在上个世纪三四十年代不仅对休谟哲学的渊源、实质、特征和学术个性有深入的理解,而且把“休谟问题”引入历史学、伦理学特别是文学研究之中。更可贵的是,他将休谟的“自我”说融入自己所概括的“破我”说,揭示出“破我”在人类精神文化活动中所具有的普遍性品格,进而为其“打通”说给出学理上的根据。因而,青年钱钟书的学术研究的哲学倾向已打上了某种休谟哲学的印记。     

中西方社会罚金刑起源比较研究

中国古代罚金刑并非起源于唐虞时代的“金作赎刑” ,而是萌芽于西周中后期的“货罚”。所以 ,中国古代的罚金刑的起源与西方古代社会罚金刑的起源有本质区别 :西方古代社会在国家产生伊始罚金刑就被大量地规定在刑律中 ,并在刑罚体系中发挥重要作用 ;而中国古代社会在国家产生了五六百年后罚金刑才形成萌芽 ,其在刑罚体系中属于极不重要的刑种。之所以产生这种区别 ,其根本原因在于中西方古代社会商品经济发达的程度不同以及由此所决定的个体权利意识不同和国家的刑罚观不同。