话语的商品隐喻及其语用学意蕴

语言活动可以隐喻地看作是商品交换的活动,交际双方是市场活动的主体,话语是交换的产品。由此分析,话语具有个体性和社会性二重属性。作为个体劳动的产品,话语的使用价值决定于表征信息的认知成本,其价值决定于对人际关系的影响效度。因为真实、真诚和适当的话语是交际成功的基础条件,所以交际双方需要以磋商的精神参与交际以实现话语的两种价值。这一认识的语用学意义在于,有可能将基于认知的语用学研究模式和基于社会关系的语用学模式,整合为一个统一的语用学理论框架。     

Modern Food Supply Chains and Development: Evidence from Horticulture Export Sectors in Sub‐Saharan Africa

The global food system is undergoing rapid processes of transformation and modernisation. This is causing important changes in developing‐country food supply chains, particularly in supermarket‐driven and high‐value export chains, but the welfare implications of these changes are poorly understood. This article analyses and compares the welfare effects in different horticulture export chains in sub‐Saharan Africa, disentangling different types of effects and the channels through which rural households are affected. Its main conclusion is that increased high‐value exports and the modernisation of export supply chains can bring about important positive welfare effects, which can occur in various ways through product‐ or labour‐market effects and through direct and indirect effects.     

The Magic of Multiple Emotions: An Examination of Shifts in Emotional Intensity During the Reclaiming Movement’s Recruiting/Training Events and Event Reattendance1

This article examines whether emotional fluctuations predict the likelihood of future attendance at a movement’s week‐long recruitment and training events. I present a statistical analysis of longitudinal survey data, and then examine qualitative data on multiple emotions and “chains” of emotions over time. Qualitative and quantitative data together generate a multifaceted understanding of emotions’ interactions over time and their independent and combined ability to predict who returns to the events a year later. Previous work on emotions and movement recruitment has confined itself to whether emotional experiences were positive or negative or focused in depth on one particular emotion. This article’s findings show that confusion, courage, fear, and hope have a substantial and sometimes interactive impact on attendance at subsequent events.     

Enchanted: Harry Potter and magical capitalism in urban China

“Pottermania”, or the crazed transnational consumption of the most popular children's fantasy fiction series in publishing history, has swept across urban China. It took place along with the rapid emergence of the country's middle‐class culture since the 1990s, marked primarily by a robust consumer revolution constructed as both reality and global dream. Even before China's official membership in the World Trade Organization began, Harry Potter (translated into Chinese) had been widely popular in affluent urban centers, bringing a foreign cultural impact that accompanies the economic tidal waves promised by the accession to the WTO. This essay explores the relationships between local consumption of a transnational cultural text/intertext and the formation of an emerging social imaginary about the urban Chinese middle class. It suggests that the Potter series promotes an alternating valorization and critique of capitalist consumption, which provides young Chinese readers, growing up in the midst of a consumer revolution, with a dialectic of enchantment. It is argued that this enchantment presents a productive tension with which to theorize the current moment of Chinese consumerist capitalism.     

技术全球化的三个层次

技术概念包含三个层次:物化的人造物、制造者的意向及所遵循的自然科学原理、人造物的制作工艺流程。技术全球化有三个特点:技术研究和开发的全球化、技术成果的全球共享、全球性技术管理,且主要通过快捷的交通运输方式和信息传播方式来实现。从技术概念的三个层次出发,技术全球化的三个特点是人造物被全球分配、制造者的意向及使用的自然科学原理全球共享、人造物制作工艺和流程成为专利被保护并商品化三个层次的外在表现。因为技术概念三个层次自身的特点,专利制度和专利商品化是技术全球化的核心,因而国家和企业推动技术创新不仅是增强竞争力的必需,也是顺应全球化趋势的内在要求。     

农村中小型超市连锁策略分析

当前,我国农村中小型超市发展连锁体系的过程中还存在管理体系不规范、网点布局盲目、商品定位不清及竞争手段单一等因素,为了更有效地建立连锁体系,农村中小超市应依据发展战略完善自身组织结构,加强组织系统、运营系统、支持系统和控制系统的建设与融合;依据长期发展目标,合理设计网点布局和连锁店选址;根据目标消费者需求与竞争态势做好商品定位;同时通过品牌管理决策从整体上提高自身竞争力。     

Approximated Transient Queue Length and Waiting Time Distributions via Steady State Analysis

Abstract

We propose a method to approximate the transient performance measures of a discrete time queueing system via a steady state analysis. The main idea is to approximate the system state at time slot t or on the n-th arrival–-depending on whether we are studying the transient queue length or waiting time distribution–-by the system state after a negative binomially distributed number of slots or arrivals. By increasing the number of phases k of the negative binomial distribution, an accurate approximation of the transient distribution of interest can be obtained.

In order to efficiently obtain the system state after a negative binomially distributed number of slots or arrivals, we introduce so-called reset Markov chains, by inserting reset events into the evolution of the queueing system under consideration. When computing the steady state vector of such a reset Markov chain, we exploit the block triangular block Toeplitz structure of the transition matrices involved and we directly obtain the approximation from its steady state vector. The concept of the reset Markov chains can be applied to a broad class of queueing systems and is demonstrated in full detail on a discrete-time queue with Markovian arrivals and phase-type services (i.e., the D-MAP/PH/1 queue). We focus on the queue length distribution at time t and the waiting time distribution of the n-th customer. Other distributions, e.g., the amount of work left behind by the n-th customer, that can be acquired in a similar way, are briefly touched upon.

Using various numerical examples, it is shown that the method provides good to excellent approximations at low computational costs–-as opposed to a recursive algorithm or a numerical inversion of the Laplace transform or generating function involved–-offering new perspectives to the transient analysis of practical queueing systems.     

社会主义市场经济理论不同观点辨析

有学者将市场经济与商品经济两个概念划等号。从1984年《中共中央关于经济体制改革的决定》的论述来看,从经济理论和经济实践两方面来进行分析与判断,商品经济与市场经济是既相联系又有区别的两个概念。市场经济是以商品经济的发展为基础的,但市场不起调节作用的商品经济不是市场经济。在市场经济问题上,陈云与邓小平的思想是一致的。有学者将二人的经济思想割裂开来甚至对立起来的见解是不符合实际的。     

试论市场经济成熟条件下商品流通渠道功能的变异

在市场经济发育和成长的不同阶段，商品流通渠道的功能将随着渠道组织结构、渠道管理水平、消费方式、渠道设施、信息技术等因素的变化而出现变异。在市场经济初级阶段，流通渠道的基本功能就是连接生产与消费，促成商品销售，实现商品价值。在市场经济的完善和成熟阶段，流通渠道将越来越多地引导生产和消费，通过商流、物流、信息流的传导与组织，挖掘和创造商品的新价值，提升原有商品的价值，从而使“渠道价值”越来越大。本文主要论述渠道功能在不同阶段的差异及表现。