审判委员会制度的理论架构

对审委会制度的改革,有人主张废除审委会制度为其核心内容;也有人主张目前应在保留的基础上予以改革和完善。废改之争,焦点是研究方法之争。主废和主改各有其弊,应通过立法程序按照“不审不判”的思路重塑审委会制度,明确审委会审判组织的地位,赋予其合议、陪审、咨询、调研四大职能及案件实体决定权和指导权,并建立和完善相应的程序。     

浅谈综合英语课中学生能力的培养

综合英语课是最具有中国特色的英语专业基础骨干课程。它课时多、周期长、影响大 ,是各门课程的龙头。如今 ,应试教育正向素质教育转轨 ,而能力培养则是核心内容。信息时代的综合英语课应该以培养学生能力为突破口 ,积极开创教学新局面 ,以期教学质量的提高     

A Unified Approach to the Characterization of Equivalence Classes of DAGs, Chain Graphs with no Flags and Chain Graphs

Abstract.  A Markov property associates a set of conditional independencies to a graph. Two alternative Markov properties are available for chain graphs (CGs), the Lauritzen–Wermuth–Frydenberg (LWF) and the Andersson–Madigan– Perlman (AMP) Markov properties, which are different in general but coincide for the subclass of CGs with no flags . Markov equivalence induces a partition of the class of CGs into equivalence classes and every equivalence class contains a, possibly empty, subclass of CGs with no flags itself containing a, possibly empty, subclass of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). LWF-Markov equivalence classes of CGs can be naturally characterized by means of the so-called largest CGs , whereas a graphical characterization of equivalence classes of DAGs is provided by the essential graphs . In this paper, we show the existence of largest CGs with no flags that provide a natural characterization of equivalence classes of CGs of this kind, with respect to both the LWF- and the AMP-Markov properties. We propose a procedure for the construction of the largest CGs, the largest CGs with no flags and the essential graphs, thereby providing a unified approach to the problem. As by-products we obtain a characterization of graphs that are largest CGs with no flags and an alternative characterization of graphs which are largest CGs. Furthermore, a known characterization of the essential graphs is shown to be a special case of our more general framework. The three graphical characterizations have a common structure: they use two versions of a locally verifiable graphical rule. Moreover, in case of DAGs, an immediate comparison of three characterizing graphs is possible.     

Extending social security coverage to the rural sector in China

In late 2009 China launched an innovative, voluntary programme that by 2011 had extended pension coverage to 326.4 million people in the rural sector, including contributors and beneficiaries. It requires one contribution per year and provides a flat‐rate benefit and a contributions‐related benefit through a contributory individual account, with a government guarantee that the benefit will continue for life. The programme encourages participation of persons who do not pay income taxes, and thus have no tax incentive to participate, by providing substantial government subsidies. As a further incentive, old‐age benefits are provided to older parents when all their adult children participate in the contributory programme.     

言语交际中的蓄意歧义现象及其解读

蓄意歧义是一种独特的语言艺术，为语言研究提供了新的语料，它体现了语音、词汇、语法、语用等规则。通过分析言语交际过程中产生的蓄意歧义现象及其制造的不同效果，可以促进语言使用者更好地了解整个语言体系，以及包含语用学、词汇学、语音学和语法在内的语言体系分支之间的关系。     

Is a Reasonable Attempt Reasonable? Shaping Versus Reinforcing Verbal Attempts of Preschoolers with Autism

The effectiveness of a language-training procedure that emphasized reinforcing vocal “reasonable attempts” (any response directed at an interventionist and within a broader class of correct responses) was compared with a procedure that emphasized shaping (reinforcing successive approximations that more closely resembled the target vocalization). Three preschoolers who had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders participated in the study. Data indicated that the children mastered vocal skills more rapidly when they learned through shaping than in the reasonable attempts condition. Implications for teaching children with autism spectrum disorders are discussed.     

The “Silent Dog” Method: Analyzing the Impact of Self-Generated Rules When Teaching Different Computer Chains to Boys with Autism

The purpose of the study was to extend the literature on verbal self-regulation by using the “silent dog” method to evaluate the role of verbal regulation over nonverbal behavior in 2 individuals with autism. Participants were required to talk-aloud while performing functional computer tasks.Then the effects of distracters with increasing demands on target behavior were evaluated as well as whether self-talk emitted by Participant 1 could be used to alter Participant 2''s performance. Results suggest that participants'' tasks seemed to be under control of self-instructions, and the rules generated from Participants 1''s self-talk were effective in teaching computer skills to Participant 2. The silent dog method was useful in evaluating the possible role of self-generated rules in teaching computer skills to participants with autism.     

Las transgresiones morales repulsivas pero inofensivas se perciben como dañinas debido a las emociones negativas que inducen

Resumen

Violaciones morales inofensivas pero repulsivas pueden justificarse como dañinas a otros debido a las emociones negativas que inducen. La relación entre las emociones de enojo y asco y el daño asociado a estas emociones como resultado de una transgresión moral fue investigada. Los resultados muestran que una violación moral que induce asco (transgresión tabú) pero que no tiene efectos dañinos para otros se relaciona más con el asco que con el enojo. Dicha violación moral creó presunción de daño de tres tipos: comunal, individual y natural. La emoción de asco fue un mediador entre la violación tabú y la presunción de daño natural mientras que la emoción de enojo fue un mediador entre la violación tabú y la presunción de daño individual. Los resultados también muestran que cuando ocurren transgresiones morales que no dañan a otras personas, las emociones de asco y enojo permiten adjudicar efectos dañinos a entidades simbólicas como la naturaleza y la comunidad, como resultado de dichas acciones.     

Atribución y estigmas sociales: anorexia nerviosa y abuso sexual infantil

Resumen

El objetivo de la presente comunicación es examinar la controlabilidadpercibida de un moderno estigma social: La anorexia nerviosa. Se estudiaron 8 estigmas, cuatro de origen físico y cuatro de origen mental-comportamental, entre los que se hallaba la anorexia nervosa. En un primer estudio se encontró que los estigmas de origen físico se percibían como más controlables, elicitando afectos más positivos así como una mayor intención comportamental de ayuda. En un segundo estudio, se empleó una manipulación de la información sobre la controlabilidad del estigma para analizar su rol en la percepción de los mismos. Los resultados muestran las diferencias en la percepción de la controlabilidad, el afecto y el comportamiento hacia los estigmas sociales de acuerdo con la condición en la información sobre controlabilidad.     

"化"尾动词构成的致使语态句分析

本文认为在"化"尾动词构成的致使语态句中,"化"尾动词具有"使……变化"和状态间临界点转变的语法特点,它同时具有致使词功能和致使状态意义。"化"尾动词联系着致使原因和致使对象,共同完成句式的致使意义实现。通过句式比较分析了"化"尾动词构成的致使语态句的语用价值。