基于效应决策模式的认知言语交际分析

言语交际的过程涉及语言、心理、认知、文化等复杂因素。早期的研究主要从言语交际的原则和意义角度入手,注重言语交际的跨文化性;近年来研究者将认知规律、社会学、人类学及心理学等学科引入言语交际的研究,但侧重于言语理解的心理机制,对于言语交际过程的本质及有效减少交际失败的方式鲜有涉及。基于理想认知模式理论,将经济学中最大效应理论引入言语交际研究,是分析言语交际的本质及影响言语交际因素和实际交际博弈时决策模式应用的一个全新尝试。     

Linking taxation and social protection: Evidence on redistribution and poverty reduction in Ethiopia

Although redistribution results from the simultaneous effects of taxes and transfers, analyses of their distributional effects in low‐income countries have largely been undertaken from singular perspectives. This article jointly assesses the distributional effect of taxes and transfers (through social protection) using Ethiopia as a case study. We find that Ethiopia's flagship social protection programme is more effective than income taxation in achieving poverty reduction, while neither policy achieves a sizeable reduction in overall inequality. We also find that Ethiopia does not currently have the capacity to close the poverty gap or to fully fund its main safety net programme using domestic income sources alone.     

Evaluation of Verbal Behavior in Older Adults

Approximately 5% of older adults have a dementia diagnosis, and language deterioration is commonly associated with this disorder (Kempler, 2005). Several instruments have been developed to diagnose dementia and assess language capabilities of elderly adults. However, none of these instruments take a functional approach to language assessment as described by Skinner (1957). The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a function-based assessment for language deficits of older adults. Thirty-one participants were categorized into a control group (n  =  15) and a dementia group (n  =  16) based on their score on the Dementia Rating Scale-2. Individuals with dementia performed significantly worse on the tact assessment than those without dementia. Participants from both groups performed better on measures of tacts than intraverbals or mands, even though topographically identical responses were required in these assessments. The data provide support for Skinner''s conceptualization of functionally independent verbal operants.     

An Analysis of Verbal Stimulus Control in Intraverbal Behavior: Implications for Practice and Applied Research

A common characteristic of the language deficits experienced by children with autism (and other developmental disorders) is their failure to acquire a complex intraverbal repertoire. The difficulties with learning intraverbal behaviors may, in part, be related to the fact that the stimulus control for such behaviors usually involves highly complex verbal stimuli. The antecedent verbal control of intraverbal behavior may involve discriminative stimuli (i.e., discriminated operants), conditional stimulus control, and/or control by compound stimuli. Distinctions among these different types of antecedent control are presented, along with recommendations for intervention procedures that may facilitate the acquisition of intraverbal behavior.     

Comparing Acquisition of Exchange-Based and Signed Mands With Children With Autism

Therapists and educators frequently teach alternative-communication systems, such as picture exchanges or manual signs, to individuals with developmental disabilities who present with expressive language deficits. Michael (1985) recommended a taxonomy for alternative communication systems that differentiated between selection-based systems in which each response is topographically identical (e.g., card selection and exchange systems) and topography-based systems in which each response is topographically distinct (e.g., signed language). We compared the efficiency of training picture exchanges and signs with 3 participants who presented with severe language deficits; all participants acquired the picture-exchange responses more readily.     

Contingent Hybridity: The Cultural Politics of Tepoztl‡n's Anti-Golf Movement

In order to maintain some level of local control over both ideological and material resources, local social activists construct hybrid cultures that reflect their simultaneous insertion into local, national, and global cultural discourses. Theirs is a contingent hybridity in that it reflects the specificities of their experience as well as the conscious attempts to resist the homogenizing tendencies of global discourses while not isolating themselves from those discourses. This article analyzes the conflict in the town of Tepoztl?n, Morelos, Mexico, over the construction of a golf course and the ensuing movement against the project. While emphasizing local practices and making use of local communicative networks, movement leaders were also quite adept at moving between the cultural realities of Tepoztl?n and their own experiences outside of the town in order to forge alliances with transnational organizations. As a result, many Tepoztecos now make use of such labels as "environmentalist," but do so within the embedded social and cultural structures of their community.     

Comparing results from different styles of cognitive interviewing: ‘verbal probing’ vs. ‘thinking aloud’

Two styles of cognitive interviewing exist, thinking aloud (TA) and verbal probing (VP), but there have been few studies undertaken which compare the two. This paper reports on such a comparison, which was undertaken in order to understand the merits and drawbacks of each approach. VP finds more problems than TA. TA appears to be better at examining respondents’ understandings of the underlying concepts behind each question; VP is better for exploring specific terms in each question. TA interviews appeared to generate more information about how respondents used information from their past experiences to select codes in closed‐ended questions. However, in terms of the eventual redrafting of the questions respondents were asked about, there was very little difference between the VP and TA interviews.     

Explorando el concepto de exclusión social: diferencias entre la psicología social euronorteamericana y la latinoamericana

Resumen

Se defiende que el concepto de “exclusión social” tiene un tratamiento diferencial por parte de los psicólogos sociales que se mueven en la órbita euronorteamericana, respecto a los que lo hacen en la latinoamericana. Mientras que los primeros lo consideran como sinónimo de prejuicio, diferenciación social o estereotipia, los segundos lo hacen a partir de consideraciones económicas, políticas y sociales, refiriéndolo básicamente a la pobreza estructural que se vive en estas comarcas.     

Creencias y expectativas respecto de la consulta médica: Un análisis de diferencias culturales

Resumen

Se compararon 102 mujeres del área metropolitana de los Angeles divididas en tres grupos según su grado de aculturación (mejico-americanas vs. anglo-americanas). Las variables consideradas se refirieron a las expectativas respecto al médico en contextos terapéuticos. Se consideraron las puntuaciones de tres medidas: La puntuación total en expectativas respecto del médico, las puntuaciones respecto a las expectativas referentes al comportamiento afectivo del médico y las puntuaciones respecto a las expectativas de tratamiento concreto. Los análisis de los resultados y el control de diversas variables tales como edad, gravedad de la enfermedad, etc., muestran la ausencia de diferencias interculturales en lo que las mujeres de la muestra esperan del médico. Si estos resultados se confirman obligarían a identificar más claramente cuándo son importantes las diferencias de aculturación y cuándo no lo son.     

La influencia de la inducción afectiva sobre el prejuicio racial

Resumen

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la influencia del afecto inducido sobre el prejuicio racial. Para ello se activó, mediante fotos, el estereotipo de la categoría racial «negros» y de «blancos». Posteriormente, se observó el efecto de esta activación en un test de evaluación de palabras que se presentó como una tarea no relacionada con lo anterior, y que los participantes debían responder en situaciones de inducción afectiva. 38 sujetos participaron en un diseño factorial de 2 × 2 × 3, con las dos primeras variables intragrupo (Priming: foto de blanco vs. negro, y Tipo de palabra: positiva vs. negativa) y una variable intergrupo (estado afectivo: positivo vs. negativo vs. neutro). La variabledependientefue el Tiempo de Reacción utilizadopor los sujetos para decidir la respuesta adecuada en cada asociación Priming (Foto)-palabra.

Los resultados muestran cómo el priming mediante fotos produjo un efecto sobre la respuesta de los participantes de modo que las fotos de los negros fueron asociadas más rápidamente a los estímulos negativos que a los positivos. Por otra parte, los sujetos a los que se indujo un estado afectivo negativo manifestaron mayor grado de prejuicio que los otros dos grupos experimentales. Los resultados son discutidos de acuerdo al modelo asociativo (Bower, 1981).