Employer‐oriented labour market policies in Sweden: Creating jobs and the division of labour in the public sector

In many European countries, greater importance is accorded to labour market policies in which employers are involved in activating unemployed people. Such employer‐oriented policies target employers’ demand for labour and attempt to influence their willingness to hire, train or guide (often disadvantaged) unemployed groups. Using data from a qualitative interview study of an employer‐oriented programme in a medium‐size city in Sweden, the present article aims to develop knowledge about how these policies are used to influence employers to hire unemployed workers and how jobs created in this context differ from regular jobs. The article argues that creating jobs through new arrangements for the division of labour, with the promise of relieving regular staff of unskilled tasks, may influence employers’ willingness to hire the unemployed when used alongside other kinds of policy instruments. However, the article also shows that this new division of labour, with programme participants performing mainly unskilled tasks, has been difficult to realize, as new staff gradually come to perform an increasing number of regular working tasks.     

“We have to take these guys out”: Motivations for Assaulting Incarcerated Child Molesters

We know very little about how incarcerated men justify assaults against at‐risk inmates such as child molesters. For this article, we fill this gap in the literature by examining how men describe these assaults as a way to align their own violent behavior with more conventional mores. We find that formerly incarcerated men justify violence as a way to raise their own social status and promote cultural norms against child abuse. When inmates attack someone convicted of child molestation, they do so to punish him and provide a “service” to their community. Furthermore, they elevate their own social status and distance themselves from these offenders. Theoretically, this work broadens our understanding of verbal justifications for violent action.     

General Outcome Measures for Verbal Operants

A general outcome measure (GOM) can be used to show progress towards a long-term goal. GOMs should sample domains of behavior across ages, be sensitive to change over time, be inexpensive and easy to use, and facilitate decision making. Skinner''s (1957) analysis of verbal behavior may benefit from the development of GOM. To develop GOM, we conducted a review of the literature on mands, tacts, echoics, and intraverbals. The four areas reviewed included (a) an examination of the participant''s response form (i.e., vocal or nonvocal), (b) the type of prompt used, (c) types of materials used, and (d) timing of responses or sessions. Based on the review of the literature, we developed GOM for mands and tacts. This paper attempts to bridge the concept of GOMs with Skinner''s analysis of verbal behavior.     

4—6岁幼儿同伴交往能力量表的编制

本研究在综合国内外有关幼儿同伴交往研究的基础上 ,结合教师对幼儿交往行为描述的开放式问卷 ,编制了适合我国幼儿特点的《4— 6岁幼儿同伴交往能力量表》。经过预测后修订组成正式量表 ,共计 2 4个项目 ,施测于南京市 11所幼儿园的 4— 6岁 5 43名幼儿。因素分析结果验证了本量表 4个因素的存在 ,即 :社交主动性、语言和非语言交往能力、社交障碍、亲社会行为 ,从而验证了最初的结构预想。本研究着重考察了该量表的信度和效度 ,其中总量表与各分量表的同质性信度在 0 .80 31— 0 .92 85之间。对量表内容效度和结构效度检验也取得令人满意的结果。     

幽默言语解读的在线认知机制阐释

文章以概念合成理论为基点 ,考察幽默言语解读过程中的在线认知机制 ,并借此探讨概念合成理论可资借鉴以及需要充实的内容 ,指出幽默言语的解读还牵涉到空间对接、空间冲突、空间转接和空间核实等认知过程 ,同时强调 ,推理这一思维形式贯穿于幽默言语解读的始终     

小议题元准则在一些汉语句中的运

社会主义政治文明是一个新的理论,社会主义政治文明建设是一项新的进程,这需要我们正确认识和处理好社会主义物质文明、政治文明和精神文明的关系,切实坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的辩证统一,着重加强制度建设,实现社会主义民主政治的制度化、规范化和程序化。     

从诗学视角看《茶花女》的接受与传播

采用翻译研究派的理论，特别是勒菲弗尔的诗学理论，对《巴黎茶花女遗事》的翻译进行深入细致地研究，结果表明其成功翻译的一个重要因素在于译者充分尊重了译语体系的诗学传统，尤其是林纾的个人诗学与社会的主流诗学之间达成了一种“共谋”关系。该研究再次证明文学译本的接受与传播实际上是一个充满斗争与协商的复杂过程。     

言语交际中的关联理据与动态性分析

言语交际是一个复杂的过程.关联理论指出,言语交际是一个明示-推理的过程,同时涉及语码和推理两种模式.制约和统辖人们交际行为的是关联.根据关联原则,人类交际认知在于花最少的努力去获取最大的语境效果.要做到这一点,寻求关联至关重要.寻求关联可通过以下几种途径:解析词义、填补信息空缺、间接话语及"迂回表达"的理解等.另外,言语交际呈动态特征,其动态性是由语境的动态性决定的.     

新闻语篇中的言语隐喻及非言语隐喻——以《纽约时报》为例

对新闻语篇中言语隐喻与非言语隐喻的应用及使用隐喻所起到的作用进行了分析研究,以Lakoff的隐喻理论及Forceville的多模式隐喻理论为框架,结合后续学者对隐喻的系统性发展成果,并以《纽约时报》上发表的题为The Pajama Game Closes in Shanghai为具体语料。通过结合具体的实例,得出隐喻可以直接、间接地为其代表利益集团服务,新闻语篇所欲表达的隐含意识形态都可以通过隐喻概念来实现。新闻语篇在使用言语隐喻的同时也并含非言语隐喻,非言语隐喻更为直观、生动。     

政府职能转变对高校办学体制、运行机制创新的促进

改革开放以来,随着计划经济向市场经济的转轨,我国在高等教育领域实施了市场、政府、社会和学校之间协调的高等教育体制改革,提高了政府的有效性。政府高等教育管理职能的转变,促使高等教育办学体制、运行机制创新:从主导型到市场型定位——“高等教育市场化”;公共教育组织中的非政府参与——“政府办学与社会办学”;政府职能和大学职能的分离——“现代大学制度”;所有权与经营权分离——“股份制办学模式”;财政投入与资源配置并举——“经费来源多样化”。