Effects of a multimodal activation program (SimA-P) in residents of nursing homes

Is it possible to maintain or even enhance functional and cognitive independence in residents of nursing homes? Little is known about the potentials and limits of therapeutic methods designed to maintain independence in elderly people already in need of residential nursing care. The aim of the “Rehabilitation in Nursing Homes” research project was to determine the practicability and effectiveness of a rehabilitative approach targeting residents of nursing homes. The main objectives of the activation program were to maintain and enhance residents’ cognitive and functional autonomy. Data on psychological, functional, and medical variables were obtained from a sample of 294 nursing home residents (age range?=?70–99 years) at three points of measurement over a 12-month period. The intervention approach draws on the theoretical and practical findings of the SimA Study (“Bedingungen der Erhaltung und Förderung von Selbstständigkeit im höheren Lebensalter,” “conditions on maintaining and supporting independent living in old age”; Oswald et al., Z. Gerontopsychol. Psychiatr., 15:61–84, 2002, Z. Gerontopsychol. Psychiatr., 15:13–31, 2002) and incorporates the results of recent therapeutic and rehabilitative studies in the fields of geriatrics and gerontopsychiatry. The intervention involves a combined program of cognitive and physical activation. An alternative program based on biographical information was designed specifically for residents with dementia. Results show that the intervention had significant effects on cognitive and functional parameters. Moreover, transfer effects were observed with respect to activities of daily living and frequency of falls.     

魏书生班级管理思想初探

魏书生是我国当代著名教育改革家 ,优秀班主任。他认为科学管理班级需要把学生放在主体地位 ,需要灵活有效的方法 ,需要“法治”。在深化素质教育改革的今天 ,研究魏书生的教育思想是非常有现实意义的     

科举对清代社会流动的影响——基于清代朱卷作者之家世分析

通过对《清代朱卷集成》七千多名举子家世的分析,可以看出,在清代,尽管获得科举功名者大多数出身于较高社会阶层,出身于上五代均无功名家庭的举子要实现向上流动相当艰难,但一定比例的布衣借着科举得以升迁的事实,说明他们仍有一个较为公平的上升渠道。姻亲和母系家族对于举子提升社会阶层几无助力。居住城市的举子实现向上流动的机会要比乡居举子大得多,但家世在实现社会流动的过程中起着远比居住地更为重要的作用。     

减租减息与淮北抗日根据地农民的社会流动

抗日战争时期,党在淮北抗日根据地实行了比较彻底的减租减息,它在经济上削弱了封建剥削,改善了农民的社会生活,促进了根据地土地和阶级关系的变化,引发了根据地农民的社会流动和阶级结构的变化,有利于根据地社会的稳定,为根据地的巩固与扩大奠定了坚实的基础.     

Shared Ownership and Affordable Housing: A Political Solution in Search of a Planning Justification?

Planners in England routinely include shared ownership (SO) housing in the affordable housing element of new developments. Government policies in a number of European countries have also backed intermediate housing market mechanisms as a solution to housing affordability. The rhetoric of such mechanisms makes claims about its social progressiveness, its role in facilitating socio-economic mobility and helping people move from rented accommodation into full owner-occupation. SO schemes in England have been justified on the grounds of being transitional tenures and planners have accepted SO on this basis. However, given the paucity of rigorous empirical work, there is a concern that this is a policy based on assumption rather than evidence. This paper delineates existing knowledge, clarifies dimensions of the intermediate housing market and highlights underlying policy issues based on a large data-set of shared owners in England. Our analysis indicates that SO may not be appropriately classified as affordable housing, and justifiable policy requires further evidence.     

The mobility problem in Britain: new findings from the analysis of birth cohort data

Social mobility is now a matter of greater political concern in Britain than at any time previously. However, the data available for the determination of mobility trends are less adequate today than two or three decades ago. It is widely believed in political and in media circles that social mobility is in decline. But the evidence so far available from sociological research, focused on intergenerational class mobility, is not supportive of this view. We present results based on a newly‐constructed dataset covering four birth cohorts that provides improved data for the study of trends in class mobility and that also allows analyses to move from the twentieth into the twenty‐first century. These results confirm that there has been no decline in mobility, whether considered in absolute or relative terms. In the case of women, there is in fact evidence of mobility increasing. However, the better quality and extended range of our data enable us to identify other ‘mobility problems’ than the supposed decline. Among the members of successive cohorts, the experience of absolute upward mobility is becoming less common and that of absolute downward mobility more common; and class‐linked inequalities in relative chances of mobility and immobility appear wider than previously thought.     

Increasing inter‐generational social mobility: is educational expansion the answer?

Reforms which increase the stock of education in a society have long been held by policy‐makers as key to improving rates of intergenerational social mobility. Yet, despite the intuitive plausibility of this idea, the empirical evidence in support of an effect of educational expansion on social fluidity is both indirect and weak. In this paper we use the raising of the minimum school leaving age from 15 to 16 years in England and Wales in 1972 to estimate the effect of educational participation and qualification attainment on rates of intergenerational social class mobility. Because, in expectation, children born immediately before and after the policy was implemented are statistically exchangeable, the difference in the amount of education they received may be treated as exogenously determined. The exogenous nature of the additional education gain means that differences in rates of social mobility between cohorts affected by the reform can be treated as having been caused by the additional education. The data for the analysis come from the ONS Longitudinal Study, which links individual records from successive decennial censuses between 1971 and 2001. Our findings show that, although the reform resulted in an increase in educational attainment in the population as a whole and a weakening of the association between attainment and class origin, there was no reliably discernible increase in the rate of intergenerational social mobility.     

关注"常态"生活的意义——家庭社会学研究的一个新视角初探

本文从日常生活的"常态"概念入手,认为选择这样一个"常态"作为研究对象对研究家庭社会学是十分有意义的.具体地说,我们认为以被访人的生活史为切入点,去挖掘和揭示制度安排中的"盲点",应该成为家庭社会学研究的一个新的视角.     

论儒家伦理对传统日常思维模式的双重影响

传统唯伦理性日常思维有其特定的内涵和基本特征,这是由儒家伦理规范对中国传统日常思维模式的双重影响所决定的。唯伦理性日常思维本身虽有其积极因素,但也存在不可忽视的负面效应,因此,应在批判反思的基础上对其进行全方位的现代转换。