美国蒙哥马利市黑人抵制公共汽车运动的起因及特点

2 0世纪五六十年代美国爆发了黑人民权运动。它是美国“第二次重建”以来规模最大、延缓时间最长、打击面最广的一次民权运动。它以蒙哥马利市黑人抵制公共汽车运动为起点 ,呈现出有效的组织性、广泛的参与性和抵制的非暴力性特点     

Victimization of Juveniles in Out-of-Home Placement: Juvenile Correctional Facilities

The purpose of this study was to draw a picture of the violenceand abuse experienced by youngsters in juvenile correctionalfacilities in Israel. Residents of three types of correctionalfacilities (closed, diagnostic and hostels) for girls and boysindicated whether or not they had personal experiences of eighttypes of victimization by peers and four types of victimizationby staff. The findings showed that all the investigated typesof violence and abuse were present in all three types of correctionalfacilities, though ‘low-level’ acts of violencewere more prevalent than ‘severe’ violence. At thesame time, the findings also pointed to a different pictureof violence and abuse in each type of facility and for eachgender. The findings highlighted the problem of violence andabuse by peers and staff in correctional facilities for juveniles.At the same time, the differential pictures obtained suggestedthat intervention programmes must have both a general componentand a component tailored to the facilities in which they arecarried out.     

论余华小说的暴力审美与死亡叙述

余华对暴力的关注是对历史的一种重新解读,其小说中的暴力描写不再注重于简单的历史结论,而是深入到历史的背后和人性的潜意识,对人的本能的攻击性及其相应的暴力性行为进行真实的还原,从而揭示那些导致暴力性事件的人性的必然性因素。如果说余华小说的暴力审美揭示了人类审美行为的另一面,那么它对死亡的关注则显示着人的生命的另一极。在余华的小说中,生与死作为人生的两极构成了一个宿命式的循环圈,死亡作为生命的归宿不仅是生命的结束,也是生命的寄托,死亡的过程与瞬间是人生宿命的一个聚焦点。其小说从不同的人称和视角展开死亡叙述,对死亡作了不同侧面、不同意向的表现。     

大学校园暴力行为的分析与教育对策探究

当今大学校园十分突出的暴力事件多少折射和暴露了当今教育中存在的学校教育与家庭教育脱节、学校教育体制不健全等问题。为此,教育所应作出的对策是构建学校、家庭与社会三位一体的教育体系,树立以人为本的教育理念,加强重视大学生的心理健康以及关注、关心贫困大学生的生活现实。     

Adolescents' Gender Mistrust: Variations and Implications for the Quality of Romantic Relationships

Recent research demonstrates that perceptions of gender mistrust are implicated in lower marriage rates among low-income populations. Yet few quantitative studies have examined the factors predicting gender mistrust during adolescence and whether it influences the quality of subsequent nonmarital romantic relationships. Analysis of three waves of data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (N = 1,106) indicates that in addition to neighborhood poverty rates, parents' own gender mistrust and parent-child relationship quality are related to adolescents' gender mistrust, suggesting that parents play an important role in influencing adolescents' developing feelings of gender mistrust. Perceptions of gender mistrust are not related to whether adolescents are involved in dating relationships, but are linked to higher levels of jealousy and verbal conflict in adolescents' subsequent romantic relationships, albeit only for male adolescents.     

The Consequences of Parental Underestimation and Overestimation of Youth Exposure to Violence

This study investigated differences in parent and child estimates of the child's exposure to violence. Using data (N = 1,517) from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, analyses related differences between parent and child reports of the child's exposure to violence to the child's psychosocial functioning. Most parents (66%) underestimated their children's exposure to violence. Further, parental underestimation was associated with the child's internalizing and externalizing problems and delinquent behaviors but parental overestimation was not. Family support partially mediated these associations. Parental underestimation of the child's exposure to violence, therefore, reflected lower levels of family support, which in turn led to more internalizing and externalizing problems and delinquency for the child.     

The impact of emotional and physical violence during pregnancy on maternal and child health at one year post-partum

Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is increasingly recognized as having a negative impact on both the mother and her unborn child. The current study extends previous work to examine the impact of both physical and emotional IPV separately and cumulatively on the mother and her child. Specifically, we used the Fragile Families dataset (N = 3961) to determine the effect of emotional and physical IPV on women and children at one year postpartum. Analyses revealed that both physical and emotional victimization have independent and negative impacts on mothers and their children. Emotional victimization was associated with poorer overall health for the mother, elevated maternal depression, poorer overall health for the child, and difficult child temperament. Experiencing a combination of physical and emotional victimization resulted in more problematic outcomes. Implications for practice and research are discussed.     

Violence Experiences in Care: Some Methodological Remarks based on the Finnish Child Victim Survey

The article examines violence experienced by children in substitute care and at home based on the survey results of the Finnish Child Victim Survey carried out in schools in 2008. The focus is on physical and psychological violence in conflict situations. Of the 13 459 respondents, pupils between 12 and 16 years of age, 233 children reported living in care or having lived in care. Children living in care were asked the same questions as children living at home about violence experienced by their care‐taking adults. The analysis compares the answers between those two groups and examines them in relation to information about children's psychosocial problems and measures of emotional wellbeing.

‘The focus is on physical and psychological violence in conflict situations’

According to the study, children report more physical and psychological violence by adults in their homes than children do in residential homes or foster homes. Substitute care is not, however, free of violence. Children with psychosocial problems experienced more violence at home than in substitute care. The article suggests a more thorough conceptual and methodological analysis of abuse in care. The conceptual and methodological tools employed should be sensitive to the particular nature of abuse in care and the studies should pay attention to a variety of forms and practices of violence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three Wise Young Men,a Cyber Community and Music — Counselling As Social Action: Storying a Community of Care in the Aftermath of Violence

This article describes counselling practice as social action, reporting on a case of children witnessing community violence and its aftermath. Highlighted is the role of friends who made a stand of solidarity against such violence. Outsider witness practices helped recruit and grow a community of care for the client and his friends. This community of care was significantly enhanced by the involvement of a lawyer/musician/activist who composed a song with the three friends to take a stance against guns and violence in their society. Caring solidarity, generosity and doing hope together formed small but significant alliances against entrenched practices of violence.     

浅谈防治家庭冷暴力的法律对策

家庭冷暴力作为一种新型的"婚姻杀手"目前已呈蔓延趋势,并成为家庭暴力的主要表现形式,这种"隐性病毒"给家庭个体、婚姻和谐以及社会安定带来的伤害超过了人们所熟知的肢体暴力。现行《婚姻法》第32条、第46条以及《妇女权益保障法》、《治安管理处罚法》都体现了对家庭冷暴力的救济,但在具体实践中,这种概括性的立法不具有可操作性。提出预防和制止家庭冷暴力的法律对策:出台全国性的立法,明确救济原则;修改现有诉讼程序,变更举证责任;增加新的救济途径,建立社会保障制度。