Convergence or divergence? How the financial crisis affected European pensioners

The Member States of the European Union entered the financial crisis with very different pension systems. Although the use of standard adequacy measures suggest small impacts from the crisis, alternative measures based on pension wealth estimates indicate stronger effects. While the largest continental systems were left relatively unscathed by the crisis, Mediterranean systems were cut back significantly. This should lead to considerable convergence in system generosity across countries. Despite the cuts, state pensions in the stressed economies should still be generous enough to keep the majority of pensioners out of relative poverty, but this depends on a relatively quick turnaround in labour market performance in these countries.     

The Brazilian pension model: The pending agenda

To achieve national goals defined by the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution, cash benefits alone are insufficient in the absence of more robust social services to reduce inequalities and improve social cohesion. The Constitution, albeit of national importance and international significance, has not addressed many institutional and administrative weaknesses in the design of the national pension system. Although coverage has been increased and inequality reduced, these measures are not sufficient. Brazil's ambitions to further develop social policies (and, indeed, to live up to its accorded international status as a social policy leader) may be constrained by an over‐reliance on conditional cash transfers such as those provided under the Bolsa Família programme. Brazil faces a major political‐economy challenge in addressing all these issues because the policy reform process is difficult, and, more importantly, because of the embedded role of vested interests. Moreover, Brazil must tackle these issues in the face of growing fiscal pressures, which could weaken the current political legitimacy of social policy and undermine important recent successes.     

Analysis of the implementation of a social protection initiative to admit the poorest of the poor to mutual health funds in Burkina Faso

To enable mutual health funds to extend coverage to poor people, the Mutual Health Support Network (Réseau d’appui aux mutuelles de santé – RAMS) in 2012 launched an initiative in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Action and Solidarity (ministère de l’Action sociale et de la Solidarité nationale – MASSN) in Burkina Faso. This article reveals difficulties in the initiative's implementation, which resulted in the continued exclusion of poor people from health services. Poor people were required not only to make co‐payments, but also to accept a limitation of coverage to three episodes of illness per year. Additional challenges to service takeup were the geographical distance of the homes of some beneficiaries covered by a mutual fund agreement from a health centre and the failure by some health workers and managers of pharmacies to recognize the mutual membership card. A formal framework was lacking that brought together all the actors involved in planning and implementing the initiative. Those involved did not all have the same information. Each structure performed the tasks within its scope, according to its own interests, but without consulting the other parties, and there was no platform for discussing implementation difficulties.     

回顾、审视与展望——对中国电影类型研究的思考

中国电影的类型研究与中国社会的发展有密切关系,社会文化语境的变迁是决定电影类型研究兴衰沉浮的关键因素,电影类型研究的变化与转向往往也是社会文化语境变迁的反映与折射。中国电影的类型研究经过了近百年的发展,取得了显著的进展：从功利性、实用性转向学术化、专业化;从注重社会教育功能转向关注娱乐功能;从学习西方的类型理论走向了民族类型电影研究。中国电影类型研究的具体发展历史也决定了未来可能面临的问题与挑战：首先,目前,制约我国电影类型研究进一步发展的最大瓶颈是本土电影类型理论的缺失;其次,如何实现西方类型理论的中国化是目前急需解决的问题之一;最后,中国电影的类型研究应关注一些世界电影类型研究中的共同问题,应该具有一种全球化的视野,将中国电影的类型研究作为世界电影类型研究的一部分,对世界电影类型研究上面临的共同问题,努力做出自己的贡献。     

任渊《黄陈诗集注》与江西诗派

宋代学者任渊受江西诗派"无一字无来处"、"以故为新"、"点铁成金"、"以俗为雅"等创作理论的影响很深,在<黄陈诗集注>中,他通过对黄庭坚、陈师道所用大量典故的分析,展示了黄、陈对上述理论的运用之法,在宋代诗歌注释中有较高声誉.     

试论汉日语类指的表现形式

指称一直是语言学界研究的基本问题之一。类指作为指称的一种,成为当今语言学、语言哲学等领域共同关注的一个重要课题。对于类指的表现形式,语言学界众说纷纭,还没有达成统一。将类指成分纳入名词性成分的一个子系统,对类指成分在现代汉语及日语中的表现形式进行了比较分析。通过分析发现,对于类指的表现,中日语言在光杆名词、“的”字结构、“这”／“那”＋普通名词和“コソマト”体系等方面既有相似,又有不同。     

政治话语·启蒙意识·古典结构——《洼地上的“战役”》文本的复杂性

《洼地上的"战役"》备受关注与争议,是因为小说在看似统一的显在主题下潜伏了错杂不一的裂痕。这个裂痕是政治话语、启蒙话语和古典话语分别影响作者的结果。从王应洪死亡事件的内相剖白,"战役"一词内涵的深沉性、悖反性,小说文本隐在的古典爱情模式,以及路翎在传统话语与政治话语之间的创作转型等几方面入手,解析了小说文本复杂性的表现与缘由。     

英语情态卫星副词的语篇功能

探讨了“英语情态卫星副词”这一新概念的涵义、类型,说明其可在语篇中起调节情态涵义、情态协力、突显语类特征等功能,这与语类、话语基调、认知等人际元功能有关。此研究基于语料,是对系统功能语言学人际元功能研究的拓展。     

从逻辑语义的角度对“得”字句的分类

运用逻辑语义理论对现代汉语＂得＂字句实例进行逻辑语义分析,从逻辑语义的角度对＂得＂字句进行了两个层次的分类。第一层次分为模态句和非模态句。在第二层次中,模态句分为表时间的时间模态句,表必然和表可能的真值模态句,表应当和允许的规范模态句;非模态句依据对补语的逻辑语义分析,分为说明行为主体句,说明行为对象句,说明事件句三种情况。本文的研究可对过去＂得字句＂的语义研究作一些补充,并为中文信息处理中＂得＂字句语义方面的处理提供一些帮助。     

语境因素的介入和“的”字的环境成分化——篇名中“de”的功能分析

国内期刊报纸篇名中有相当数量的“的”字是通过其12种形式的拼音体现的。它们与其说是不规范的因素,不如说是体现了不同的功能和价值。在这些形式中,“的”字已发生了功能变异,成为了篇名和语篇的环境成分,在超句法与超语篇层面起作用。这一点为Halliday提出的句子分析的“三层说”,尤其是“上层”分析的必要性提供了一点旁证。此外,环境成分化还促使我们进一步思考环境成分与句法的互动和转换等问题。