目标规划MULTIPLEX模型的哲学观、有效性和统一化

本文论述目标规划方法论求解系统问题的四个哲学观点,从多目标、满意解、现实和弹性观点阐明了基础模型的概念,以及基础模型向传统线性规划模型和字典序目标规划多纯形(MULTIPLEX)模型的转换,指出转换时所作假设对模型有效性的影响。MULTIPLEX模型不仅兼容传统的单目标线性规划,而且可以统一描述加权线性目标规划、模糊规划和非劣解多目标线性规划等几乎所有各类多目标数学规划。     

社会工程投资决策的效益分析

社会工程投资决策时面临的核心难题之一,是对投资效益的全面而科学的评价.本文基于广义效益观,比较全面地探讨了社会工程的"效益"和"超效益".并在此基础上,提出了社会工程项目方案综合优选的思路.     

企业信息化资源最优配置模型的构建

针对当前能够成功地实施信息化建设的企业较少,企业不能统筹安排好信息化投入资源的状况,对企业信息化投入资源进行了分类,并基于BPR的思想对企业部门进行了整合,运用模糊理论建立了企业信息化资源最优配置模型,为企业在不同部门间合理分配信息化投入提供参考．     

数字集成电路测试生成的一种专家系统方法

介绍了两种基于压缩二分决策图(BDD:Binary Dccision Diagram)并由压缩的BDD来进行测试生成的启发性方法,即临界二分树(CBT:Critical Binary Tree)和节点分决函数(ndf:node psrtition function)方法,它们虽然并不一定是最小化BDD,但它们减小了BDD,从而在专家系统环境下得以对大型数字系统进行测试。     

Attitudes Toward Managing Hazardous Waste: What Should Be Cleaned Up and Who Should Pay for It?

Hazardous waste policy in the United States uses a liability-based approach, including strict, retroactive, and joint and several liability. To assess attitudes toward these basic principles of liability, and toward priorities for clean-up of wastes, a questionnaire was mailed to legislators, judges, executives of oil and chemical companies, environmentalists, and economists. The questionnaire consisted of abstract, simplified cases, which contrasted basic principles rather than dealing with real-world scenarios. Subjects were asked how they would allocate clean-up costs between companies and government as a function of such factors as adherence to standards, adoption of best available technology (BAT), and influence of penalties on future behavior. Most subjects felt that, if the company followed government standards or used the best available technology (BAT), it should pay for only a portion of the clean-up cost, with the government paying the rest. In general, responses did not support the principles underlying current law–strict, retroactive, and joint-and-several liability. Most subjects were more interested in polluters paying for damages than in deterrence or future benefit–even to the extent that they would have "harmless" waste sites cleaned up. A bias was found toward complete clean-up of some sites, or "zero risk." Different groups of subjects gave similar answers, although more committed environmentalists were more willing to make companies pay and to clean up waste regardless of the cost.     

Intelligent Procedures for Intra‐Day Updating of Call Center Agent Schedules

For nearly all call centers, agent schedules are typically created several days or weeks before the time that agents report to work. After schedules are created, call center resource managers receive additional information that can affect forecasted workload and resource availability. In particular, there is significant evidence, both among practitioners and in the research literature, suggesting that actual call arrival volumes early in a scheduling period (typically an individual day or week) can provide valuable information about the call arrival pattern later in the same scheduling period. In this paper, we develop a flexible and powerful heuristic framework for managers to make intra‐day resource adjustment decisions that take into account updated call forecasts, updated agent requirements, existing agent schedules, agents' schedule flexibility, and associated incremental labor costs. We demonstrate the value of this methodology in managing the trade‐off between labor costs and service levels to best meet variable rates of demand for service, using data from an actual call center.     

Mass Customization in the Automotive Industry: Comparing Interdealer Trading and Reconfiguration Flexibilities in Order Fulfillment

Mass customization has been viewed as desirable but difficult to achieve in the volume automotive sector. Here we consider flexibility in automotive order fulfillment systems to enhance the ability to satisfy customers with their desired vehicle variants within acceptable delivery lead times. Two types of flexibility are compared in a Virtual‐Build‐to‐Order system—reconfiguration in the planning pipeline and interdealer trading. A representative simulation model is used to investigate the impact of the two types of flexibility across a wide spectrum of product variety levels. The impacts on major stakeholders in the system—the producer, dealers, and customers—are considered. The study shows that both types of flexibilities can bring significant benefits in terms of reductions in lead time and inventory holding. The level of product variety strongly influences the observed effects—an important finding in the mass customization context. Upstream reconfiguration flexibility brings greater benefits than downstream trading flexibility. Reconfiguration tends to dominate trading as a fulfillment mechanism when both are in operation. The findings have implications for the design and management of automotive order fulfillment systems in improving their ability to offer mass customization. The study has relevance for companies in other sectors with high levels of variety that seek to combine efficiency, speed, and flexibility in order fulfillment.     

中国新一轮农村改革发展进程的回顾与展望

十六大以来,中国新一轮农村改革发展进程中的一条主线是“多予、少取、放活”。目前,农村税费改革已取得了阶段性的巨大成功,国民收入分配结构和财政支出结构正向农村地区倾斜,“三农”问题初步得到缓解,我国在总体上进入了“后农业税时代”和“工业反哺农业、城市支持农村”新的发展阶段。下一步深化农村改革的重点、难点是,进一步消除城乡二元体制对经济社会协调发展所造成的瓶颈制约,从根本上解决“三农”问题的深层次矛盾和体制障碍。