管理团队认知能力、行为整合对决策效果的影响机制研究

现有文献在研究团队决策效果的影响因素时,大部分关注年龄、学历等因素,较少关注非人口统计学特征。根据现有研究结果构建团队认知能力与决策效果的关系模型,利用结构方程模型进行实证研究并指出:团队认知能力的两要素能提升团队决策效果;团队行为整合被看作是团队运作过程的核心,对决策效果产生一定的正向作用,即团队的行为整合程度越高,其决策效果越好;验证行为整合在团队认知能力与决策效果之间具有中介作用。旨为丰富高阶理论、揭示认知能力对决策效果的作用提供借鉴。     

大数据与政府治理能力提升:机遇、挑战与展望

随着社会问题复杂程度的不断增加,大数据应用为政府解决棘手问题、提升治理能力、应对挑战提供了新思路,但也带来了一定程度的适应难题。因此,探析大数据在我国的政府治理实践中如何得到合理应用、有效推动治理能力提升需要结合国内外成功经验,从机遇和挑战两个维度进行理解。分析发现,大数据可以推动政府治理协同化、政府决策科学化、数据管理规范化,并会遇到数据壁垒、专业能力欠缺以及政策法规滞后等方面的阻碍。研究意义在于分析大数据对政府治理能力提升的作用,为未来我国政府在治理实践中更好地利用大数据技术提供参考。     

Women’s experiences of decision-making and attitudes in relation to induction of labour: A survey study

BackgroundRates of induction of labour have been increasing globally to up to one in three pregnancies in many high-income countries. Although guidelines around induction, and strength of the underlying evidence, vary considerably by indication, shared decision-making is increasingly recognised as key. The aim of this study was to identify women’s mode of birth preferences and experiences of shared decision-making for induction of labour.MethodAn antenatal survey of women booked for an induction at eight Sydney hospitals was conducted. A bespoke questionnaire was created assessing women’s demographics, indication for induction, pregnancy model of care, initial birth preferences, and their experience of the decision-making process.ResultsOf 189 survey respondents (58% nulliparous), major reported reasons for induction included prolonged pregnancy (38%), diabetes (25%), and suspected fetal growth restriction (8%). Most respondents (72%) had hoped to labour spontaneously. Major findings included 19% of women not feeling like they had a choice about induction of labour, 26% not feeling adequately informed (or uncertain if informed), 17% not being given alternatives, and 30% not receiving any written information on induction of labour. Qualitative responses highlight a desire of women to be more actively involved in decision-making.ConclusionA substantial minority of women did not feel adequately informed or prepared, and indicated they were not given alternatives to induction. Suggested improvements include for face-to-face discussions to be supplemented with written information, and for shared decision-making interventions, such as the introduction of decision aids and training, to be implemented and evaluated.     

Measuring Christian Beliefs that Affect Managerial Decision-Making: A Beginning

Although considerable work has been done on the measurement of religious values and beliefs, little is understood about their effect on managerial values and decision making. This paper reports on theoretical work by the authors identifying Christian religious beliefs that might affect managerial decision making; it also reports the results of empirical work validating five scales of religious beliefs that might affect managerial decision making. Future research directions are proposed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

地方政府在公共决策中的寻租行为成因分析

社会转型期内,地方政府在公共决策中的寻租行为时有发生,导致公共决策偏离公共性,降低了政府的公信力和合法性基础,对个人、政府以及社会都带来相应的负面影响.文章通过对权力导向因素、制度因素以及利益驱动因素的分析,找出地方政府在公共决策中寻租行为的成因,并提出抑制寻租行为的治理路径.     

预期组合:将不确定性纳入预期理论的新方法

不确定性是经济预期与决策的基本特征之一。然而现代预期理论尤其是理性预期学派,将不确定性视为影响理性预期的干扰因素,想方设法对其进行简化与排除。预期理论的反不确定性倾向与现代风险投资的实践发生了背离。通过对理性预期学派孤岛模型的预期决策检验,指出理性预期学派过于简化预期中不确定性的问题,提出了预期组合这一将不确定性纳入预期理论的新方法,探索如何在不确定条件下分析诸多不确定因素之间的逻辑关系,形成更加合理的预期,进而更早把握进行科学决策的机遇。     

论我国福利行政的程序完善

认为福利行政的程序是灵活的、弹性的,是自由裁量的领域的观点,是对西方行政法学理论的一种误读。福利行政程序的主要内容还是刚性的程序性规定,这一部分内容才是福利行政程序的核心所在。从中国国情考虑,可以在《行政程序法》中单设行政给付程序一节。在立法内容上,应在启动程序、决定程序、听证程序、公开程序等方面进行有针对性的设计,引入依职权启动程序、简易程序和事后听证等新型程序。     

考虑信息搜索的环境污染群体性事件最优决策模型

坚决打好污染防治攻坚战是建设全面小康社会三大任务之一,环境污染群体性事件影响社会稳定和生态文明建设。在当今信息渠道多元化的自媒体时代下,群众能够通过信息搜索行为为决策获取信息。本文考虑了群众信息搜索行为,构建周边居民信息搜索的环境污染群体性事件最优决策模型,分析了不同条件下均衡策略选择,以及在各种地方政府补贴水平和暗箱操作程度下,周边居民的收益变化情况和策略选择差异。结果表明：当政府的暗箱操作程度较低时,群众的最优化策略为信息搜索后“污染轻微”则“抗议”,否则群众的最优化策略为直接抗议。当群众对项目污染程度为严重的先验概率较低且政府的暗箱操作程度比较高时,群众将选择不抗议策略。当周边居民的识别能力较差,群众将会选择策略信息搜索后“污染轻微”则“不抗议”,当暗箱操作程度足够大时,群众将会选择策略直接抗议。随着地方政府提供补贴水平的增加,群众的抗议强度减弱。了解群众的最优决策,有利于政府对环境群体性事件进行防范和应对,维护社会稳定。     

国际政治关系中的"第二轨道"析论

"第二轨道"是介于官方外交("第一轨道")与纯民间交流("第三轨道")之间的一种特殊渠道,其突出特征是非官方性和有意识地影响官方决策。它凭借非官方的身份及与官方决策的特殊关系,在国际政治中发挥着独特而又重要的作用。"第二轨道"的兴起是当代国际政治演化发展的必然产物。它既给人们提供了一种认识国际政治关系的新的分析框架和研究范式,也有着优化国际政治关系、增加信任、缓解危机、推动国际政治关系向前发展的重要实践意义。     

Issues in the development of a computer-based safety programme for children with severe learning difficulties

In the last decade, professional interest in and awareness of the sexual abuse of children has increased dramatically and has led to the development of safety programmes which aim to teach children a range of personal safety skills (Tutty, 1992). These efforts have previously concentrated on children in mainstream schools, but there is growing recognition of the need for parallel concern for children in vulnerable groups such as those with learning difficulties. The present paper outlines the development of a personal safety prevention programme for children with severe learning difficulties. The programme has incorporated work by Tutty (1992, 1994) and others who argue for a more developmental view in designing such programmes. Concepts such as the child's understanding about authority figures and moral development have been integrated into the programme, which utilizes multi-media technology. As this is a computer-based programme, the reason for such a medium rather than previously implemented presentation (e.g. books, film) are discussed. Views of the participants evaluating the implementation of the teaching package are also described. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.