In Their Own Words: Elements of Youth Empowerment in Spain

Abstract

The aim of the HEBE¹ project, developed jointly by four universities, is to analyze the spaces, moments and processes involved in the empowerment of young people in order to formulate socio-educational programmes that help them and improve their lives. The articulation of the project focuses on different lines of work and action, one of which is to identify and analyze the spaces in which the empowerment of youth occurs. This article delves into the elements involved in youth empowerment by using a questionnaire administered to young people from Catalonia between the ages of 19 and 25 (n?=?1067). This article presents the results obtained for these young people based on their level of empowerment and the elements that characterize them.     

Deciding to Institutionalize: Caregiving Crisis,Intergenerational Communication,and Uncertainty Management for Elders and Their Children in Shanghai

This phenomenological study integrated crisis theory, social identity theory, and uncertainty management theory to conceptualize the decision-making process around institutionalization among nursing home residents and their children in Shanghai. I conducted face-to-face, semistructured interviews with 12 dyads of matched elders and their children (N = 24). The findings suggest that caregiving crises triggered intergenerational communication about caregiving alternatives and new arrangements, although each generation had different stances and motivations. Children finalized the decision by helping their parents to manage the uncertainties pertaining to institutionalization. This study sheds light on caregiving decision-making dynamics for the increasing aging population across cultures.     

The Reform and Development of the Decision-making System in Contemporary China

中国的决策体制是中国政治体制的中枢系统, 也是决定中国发展的关键因素。以 中国共产党为领导核心的决策体制是在中国共产党领导革命、创建新中国的长期历史 中形成的, 具有其历史合理性。决策体制从建立到改革开放前呈现集中化的趋势。决 策权力日趋集中的体制, 存在着决策结构专业化分工程度不高、制度化程度低、偏重 经验决策、决策过程封闭和缺乏自我修正与调节机制等弊端。改革开放后, 决策体制 改革的重点, 是在决策结构、决策方式和决策机制三个主要方面推进决策的民主化、 科学化和法治化建设。决策体制改革的实践证明, 以决策民主化、科学化和法治化为 导向的决策体制改革, 成功应对了中国由经济和社会迅速变迁所带来的各种挑战。从 政治发展的角度看, 决策体制改革呈现出的基本趋势是: 从个人决策向民主决策、从 经验决策向科学决策、从决策组织高度集中向决策组织结构分化、从封闭式决策向开 放式决策、从被动参与决策向自主参与决策、从决策非制度化向决策制度化转变。一 个中国共产党主导、多方参与、科学论证、过程开放、依法运行的决策模式在决策体 制改革的实践中初步形成。

关键词: 决策体制 集中决策 民主决策 科学决策 依法决策

The decision-making system is the backbone of China’s political system and a crucial factor determining its development. The decision-making system with the CPC lying at the core results from the CPC’s long history of leading China’s revolution and establishing the People’s Republic of China; therefore it has historical rationality. Decision-making was centralized over the period from the foundation of the PRC to reform and opening up. This centralized decision-making system had faults such as a low level of specialized division of labor, low institutionalization, an undue emphasis on experience, a closed decision-making process and the absence of any self-correcting and adjustment mechanisms. The reform of China’s decision-making system in the post-reform period has attached much importance to promoting democratic, scientific and law-based decision-making with regard to decision- making structures, modes and mechanisms. Practice proves that this reform has successfully met the challenges arising from rapid social and economic transition. Viewed from the perspective of political development, it involves an evolution from personal to democratic, from experience-based to scientific, from centralized to decentralized, from closed to open, from passive to active participation and from non-institutionalized to institutionalized decision-making. A decision-making model has gradually taken shape that is characterized by CPC domination, participation by multiple entities, scientific proof, open process, and law-based operation.     

Ethical Virtues in Scientific Research

Most approaches to promoting integrity in research are principle-based in that they portray ethical conduct as consisting of adherence to ethical rules, duties, or responsibilities. Bruce MacFarlane has recently criticized the principle-based approach to promoting integrity in research and offered a virtue-based alternative. MacFarlane argues that principle-based approaches do not provide adequate guidance for ethical decision-making and are not very useful in moral education. In this article, I examine and critique MacFarlane's defense of the virtue-based approach. I argue that virtue-based and principle-based approaches to ethics are complementary and that they both can help promote research integrity.     

To Tell or Not to Tell? The Ethical Dilemma of the Would-Be Whistleblower

Despite the growing emphasis placed on the responsible conduct of research, little attention has been devoted to the question of what an individual should do upon discovering research misconduct. This article takes seriously the dilemma of a would-be whistleblower. It identifies ethical considerations that can be taken into account in moral decision-making about reporting research misconduct. It also offers rough guidelines about the moral significance of each consideration in the decision-making process based on the facts of the case in question. The article, therefore, offers tools for a would-be whistleblower to use to arrive at a defensible resolution to a difficult dilemma.     

“四种收入”：破解失地农民可持续生计难题

随着工业化、城镇化进程的不断加快,大量的农用土地被征用,使得失地农民在生活、就业、子女教育、社会保障等方面出现一些问题,因此,把促进失地农民提高增收作为解决问题的重要突破点,分别通过进一步完善后续就业机制、大力发展农村非农产业、健全失地农民＂社会安全网等路径实现失地农民工资性、家庭经营性、财产性、转移性收入保值增值,乃是有效地解决失地农民的可持续生计的关键。     

一种分析作用条件与作用效果关系的非参数方法

针对数据平均化处理方法无法观察指标个性差异的不足,给出了一种分析作用条件与综合作用效果关系的非参数方法(Con-Eff),并根据以下3种情况构造了相应的数学模型:①所有观察指标越大越好;②所有观察指标越小越好;③一部分观察指标越大越好,另一部分观察指标越小越好。然后,对模型的含义、模型性质以及模型的求解方法进行了探讨。最后,探讨了该方法在高等学校人力资源管理中的应用。     

低碳经济背景下中国乡镇企业节能减排困境及对策

中国乡镇企业实施节能减排作为社会经济低碳化发展部分,受到政府的高度重视。本文总结中国乡镇企业节能减排工作存在的问题,分析其面临的内外制约因素,认为加强政府工作力度,提高乡镇企业的核心竞争力,加强节能宣传等都是可行的措施。     

论行政决策失误的机关集体责任认定

现行法律对于行政决策责任的规定最大缺陷在于没有准确界定行政决策失误之机关集体责任和区分机关集体责任与领导个人责任,从而导致在＂集体决策＂名义下无法真正追究行政决策失误的责任或是导致对公共利益的损害。以现行法律规定的不足为立论基础,论证了构建行政决策失误的机关集体责任的必要性、认定标准及主体的确定等基本问题,寻找集体决策责任主体,从而真正实现行政决策责任,推动我国正在进行的责任政府建设。     

从价值同一性的历史构建看社会主义核心价值的认同难题

社会主义核心价值体系建设需着力解决在多元的价值体系中如何获得普遍性认同问题,难点在于张扬的个体价值对于社会价值与他人价值的遮蔽以及道德知识、情感与行动三者彼此间的鸿沟。在对价值同一性的历史建构过程的梳理中可以看出价值认同的消解与重组难以避免,在个性自由意义上的差异成为了价值本体的时候,合理体现异同的辩证统一的机制是价值认同的关键进路。社会主义核心价值增强普遍性认同的对策包括推动合理的伦理实体复归,＂自主个人＂和＂真实集体＂以及工具价值与终极价值之间的平衡,以及培养道德情感与促进道德践行。