女大学生在情绪后悔下择偶决策的信息加工方式

以42名20-26岁之间的某高校未婚女大学生为被试,采用诱发情绪后使用信息板进行择偶决策的方式探讨了她们在后悔情绪下择偶决策的信息加工方式。结果表明：（1）用影片和自由想象的方式能够诱发被试的后悔情绪;（2）无论情绪类型,时间限制和候选人数量均影响被试择偶决策的信息加工方式;（3）情绪类型即后悔情绪与中性情绪,对女大学生择偶决策的信息加工方式无显著影响。     

‘I walk from trouble’: exploring safeguards with adults with intellectual disabilities – an Australian qualitative study

People living with intellectual disabilities have a right to be safe from abuse and neglect and have a right to be included in the decision-making process determining safeguards that will affect them. However, the research evidence that could underpin good professional practice in terms of co-producing safeguards against abuse and neglect directly involving people with intellectual disabilities is largely missing. This article, based on qualitative research involving semi-structured interviews conducted during the first half of 2014, seeks to strengthen this evidence base. It reports on the prevention strategies identified by 12 adults with intellectual disabilities about how to stay safe and compares these with the findings of similar research. The article suggests that a comprehensive safeguarding approach comprises both life course-focused safety training and access to assisted decision-making. The article argues that given the plethora of risk situations encountered by people living with intellectual disability, assisted decision-making should take the form of a co-creation process that is situation specific and grounded in everyday life.     

传统行政文化对决策科学化与民主化的负面影响

传统行政文化是影响到决策的深层因素,其思维模式、权威型人格、差序格局和知识阶层的依附性对决策产生了负面影响,是决策科学化与民主化的主要障碍。决策要实现科学化与民主化,除了要进行制度上的改革,更应该从基础因素入手,即促进我国行政文化的创新。     

徇私枉法案查处难的对策探讨

徇私枉法行为是当前司法腐败的典型表现,徇私枉法不能有效遏止的原因是查处难。本文针对徇私枉法案查处难的原因提出了相应的对策。     

Child protection decision-making

The effects of interagency collaboration on risk assessment in child protection practice were analysed in respect of the decision-making processes in child death inquiries. Universal features in the assessment of risk as identified in psychological literature were applied; in particular, the concepts of ‘groupthink’, the ‘certainty effect’ and ‘group polarization’. It is suggested that case conference decisions are inherently more risky than those taken by professionals with individual responsibility because of the way in which cases are framed in terms of losses.     

公共决策失误的根源探析

剖析公共决策失误,可从决策因素、决策过程和决策体制三个方面入手。决策因素包含决策主体和决策情境,前者构成决策的价值取向,后者则提供决策的事实前提;造成决策失误的主体因素,主要是主体利益与主体价值观;在决策过程中,决策问题的界定出现偏差、决策目标确立不当、决策方案脱离实际、方案选择缺乏科学性等可造成决策失误;从公共决策体制来看,集权决策体制比分权决策体制、个人决策模式特别是个人专断的决策体制比集体决策模式发生决策失误的可能性要大,在分权决策体制和集体决策模式中,因决策程序不当也可造成决策失误。     

Professional discretion and length of work experience: what findings from focus groups with care managers in elder care suggest

ABSTRACT

Research has explored how care managers in elder care – who often function as ‘street-level bureaucrats’ – regard professional discretion. The way in which length of work experience affects care managers’ use of professional discretion remains, however, unexplored. This article present findings from 12 focus groups with 60 care managers. By bringing attention to how care managers experience the needs assessment process, this article sheds light on how these ‘street-level bureaucrats’ struggle when they try to balance their clients’ needs against institutional frameworks and local guidelines. Length of work experience seems to play a role in how care managers claim to use professional discretion. Experienced care managers describe how they deviate from the guidelines at times in order to create an increased scope of action in their decision-making process. Those with less time in the profession describe greater difficulties in this respect. Findings suggest that research should explore if length of work experience plays a role in the actual way in which care managers assess needs and make decisions. As such, they contribute to our understanding of how needs assessment processes are navigated by professionals while also pointing towards the nature of professional discretion in gerontological social work.     

政府公共决策的规则限制

政府公共决策是一次利益再分配过程,由于＂经济人＂假设和政府的有限理性,政府公共决策权力时常被滥用,造成政府公共决策失误。制定完善的规则,规范政府公共决策权力,可以有效防止政府公共决策失误,使之解决民生之苦、反映民生之需、实现民生之乐。