The mismatch between employment and child care in Italy: the impact of rationing

In Italy the women’s participation is among the lowest in Europe. The female employment rate stands almost 13 percentage points below the EU average and 22 below the Lisbon target. One of the most important reasons is related to the characteristics of child care system. We analyze the characteristics of the child care system in Italy and its relationship to the labor market participation decision of mothers. The two decisions are jointly considered in a discrete choice framework, which also allows for simple forms of rationing. We go on to estimate a bivariate probit model of the child care and employment decisions and find evidence that rationing is an important factor in interpreting price effects on utilization rates and employment decisions. Responsible editors: Deborah Cobb-Clark & Tito Boeri     

加征关税下的跨国供应链决策及补贴策略研究

本文讨论加征关税视角下的供应链决策及补贴策略问题。基于本国制造商、分销商与国外进口零售商所组成的三级跨国供应链,分别讨论了政府不补贴、政府补贴下的供应链决策,研究加征关税和补贴对供应链的影响,并分析保持产品销售价不变补贴策略(I)、保持制造商利润不变补贴策略(II)及社会福利最大化补贴策略(III)的效应。结果表明,加征关税导致产品销售价增大和本国企业批发价、供应链各企业利润及社会福利的降低,但政府提高补贴使得产品销售价减小和供应链各企业利润增大,而社会福利随着补贴的增大先增大后减小。随着加征关税税率及补贴的增大,供应链更多地表现为补贴的作用,补贴能有效减小加征关税的影响。在较低关税税率下,策略(III)激励产品出口作用显著,但政府补贴支出过高;策略(II)相较策略(I)激励效果更显著,但补贴支出更大。在较高关税税率下,策略(II)更能激励制造商出口,策略(I)以较低的补贴支出激励制造商出口,更有利于维持国际市场稳定。     

Class origin and young adults’ re-enrollment

This paper examines re-enrollment decisions taken by adults who have previously participated in the labor market in the US. We investigate the influence of social origin on re-enrollment and test hypotheses based on the “status reproduction” argument. We find that young adults from the lower classes re-enroll less often than those from the upper classes and that these differences can be attributed to a large extend to different ability or performance. Beyond the effects of social origin as such, we also scrutinize the effects of the child's class position relative to family status as a more direct implication of the “status reproduction” argument. Our analyses reveal that once young adults from higher status positions have reached their parents’ class, re-enrollment is somewhat less likely to occur. However, this effect of the child's relative class to the parents’ is rather weak.     

引“情”入法:清代州县诉讼中习惯如何影响审断

清代诉讼中州县官凭借律例和情理审断案件,其中的情既包括人情也包括民情.通过考察四川省南部县全清档案中州县官对"义让"和"转房"案件审断情况,可以发现符合律意的习惯和不符合律意的习惯,在州县审断中的影响.当习惯为国家律例所不禁,则州县官大胆运用,直接将民情引入审断,此为"道统"高于"治统"的必然;当其为国家律例所禁止,但考虑到地方的特殊性,州县官虽然不直接引用,但仍常以人情为借口,以"看似通达人情,实则迁就习惯"的方式平息讼争,此为现实高于理想的必然.     

可持续发展形势下管理会计的创新

随着可持续发展理论的提出 ,企业责任由对所有者负责向对利益关系人负责转化 ,经营目标由追求股东经济价值最大化向追求可持续经营转变。在此形势下 ,管理会计也要有相应的改进和创新。这包括扩大成本范围、建立环境成本会计、纳环境因素于战略投资评价和综合业绩评价体系等。     

Evaluation of asymptotic approximations for a two-stage Bernoulli bandit

We consider a two-stage procedure for allocating two treatments to yield a total of N dichoto-mous responses, where one of the treatments has a known probability of success. In the first stage, observations may be made on either of the treatments and observed successes are discounted by a factor β. One of the treatments must be chosen for the second stage, where observed successes are no longer discounted. We adopt a Bayesian approach and develop a continuous time approximation for this problem that turns out to be identical to one developed in Petkau (J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 73 (1978) 328). Examination of both stopping boundaries and Bayes risks demonstrates that suboptimal strategies provided by the solution of the continuous time problem are excellent approximations to the optimal strategies for the discrete time problem. A “continuity correction” developed by Cheroff and Petkau (Ann. Probab. 4 (1976) 875) plays an important role in enhancing the naive approximation provided by the solution of the continuous time problem.     

负债融资、代理冲突与企业投资决策研究

采用实物期权方法，研究了股东债权人代理冲突下负债融资对企业投资行为的影响，并进一步分析了负债融资约束下的投资决策问题。数值计算显示，与无负债企业相比，杠杆企业具有过度投资倾向以加快实现负债融资所带来的利息税盾价值；与企业价值最大化策略相比，在股东权益最大化目标下，股东具有较早执行投资期权的动机，影响投资期权价值和最优财务杠杆的选择，并侵害了债权人的利益。当存在负债融资约束时，投资临界点表现出先下降后上升的趋势。     

机会成本评估对投资决策的影响

机会成本日益受到财务管理理论与实际工作者的重视。但在解决具体问题时，往往存在着任意性，表现得不够成熟。因此，很有必要对投资决策机会成本的评估中易发生偏颇的几种情况进行的分析，以便正确地进行投资决策。     

农民工的母亲对子女重大决策的影响研究

随着城镇化进程的推进,大规模成年子女的加速外流可能会削弱相对弱势的母亲在子代重大决策中的代际影响。文章利用2013年深圳市农民工调查数据,分析了农民工的母亲在子女重大事务决策中代际影响的现状及影响因素。研究发现,在城镇化背景下农民工的母亲对子女的重大事务决策依旧具有重要的影响,但这种代际影响并非家庭实权的体现,而是出于对长者尊严的维护;资源论、代际关系、文化规范论对农民工的母亲的代际影响均具有一定的解释力,但存在程度差异,其中代际关系的解释力最强,其次是文化规范中的孝道观念,资源论的解释作用最为微弱。     

基于消费者异质性偏好的零售商抗衡势力研究

本文将消费者偏好特征引入到买方抗衡势力形成的分析框架中,构建消费者异质偏好视角下的买方抗衡势力形成模型,并在此基础上分析买方抗衡势力的市场效应。结果表明：当消费者对零售商的偏好异质时,拥有较强偏好的零售商能够获得买方抗衡势力,且消费者偏好增强能够提高该零售商的买方抗衡势力,改善消费者效用与社会福利。本研究一定程度上丰富了现有关于买方抗衡势力的理论研究,为企业竞争战略和产业规制政策提供了新的理论依据。