最小函数依赖集F‘的最优算法

在数据库设计中，依据函数依赖集的定义及Armstrong公理，求出的是一个可能存在冗余的函数依赖集。为了判断一个函数依赖是否为某一函数依赖集逻辑蕴含，只要用求属性闭包的方法求出函数依赖中决定子的属性闭包，判断依赖子是否包含在属性闭包中即可。本文从求属性闭包的角度出发，给出一个求最小函数依赖集的算法。     

Transition and Foreign Aid Policies in the Visegrád Countries: A Path Dependant Approach

The paper argues that the current emerging international development policies of the Visegrád (V4) countries are heavily influenced by the certain aspects of the Communist past and the transition process. Due to these influences, the V4 countries have difficulties in adapting the foreign aid practices of Western donors and this leads to the emergence of a unique Central and Eastern European development cooperation model. As an analytical background, the paper builds on the path dependency theory of transition. A certain degree of path dependence is clearly visible in V4 foreign aid policies, and the paper analyses some aspects of this phenomenon: how these new emerging foreign aid donors select their partner countries, how much they spend on aid, how they formulate their aid delivery policies and institutions and what role the non-state actors play. The main conclusions of the paper are that the legacies of the Communist past have a clear influence and the V4 countries still have a long way to go in adapting their aid policies to international requirements.

Factors associated with fundraising dependency among nonprofit organisations in Australia

Despite the importance of fundraising to the nonprofit sector there has been surprisingly little research on fundraising as a revenue source in Australia. Research that has been conducted both here and internationally has focused on the cost of fundraising – the proportion of fundraising expenses to total fundraising revenue, and fundraising performance – the absolute or relative amount of money raised by organisations via fundraising. This paper examines why some nonprofit organisations are more dependent on fundraising as a source of revenue than others. The paper applies multivariate techniques to examine the influence that three broad sets of factors: organisational; revenue generation model; and fundraising approach, have on what we term ‘fundraising dependency’ – the percentage of a nonprofit organisation's total revenue that is derived from fundraising activities. It finds that fundraising dependency is associated with a range of organisational characteristics (e.g. size, geographical scope of the organisation and tax status); alternative forms of revenue generation (e.g. reliance on government funding and commercial venturing) and fundraising approach (e.g. whether professional fundraising staff are employed, the use of volunteer fundraisers and the number of fundraising practices used). The results support taking a multidimensional approach to understanding fundraising dependency.     

Searching for Local Solutions: Making Welfare Policy on the Ground in Ontario

Over recent decades welfare dependency has played a powerful role in defining the welfare “problem” and in passing appropriate “solutions.” One result has been the proliferation of short-term, low-cost employment programs and training programs that have emerged as critical sites for challenging and reforming the attitudes and behaviors of welfare recipients. By exploring work-readiness programs in four communities in Ontario, Canada, we provide insight into how these programs relate to the lived realities of those compelled to attend them. The research shows how dependency discourse informs program rules and content, raising expectations about both the benefits and the immediacy of work. This focus risks individualizing blame and ignoring the structural realities of labor markets and the systemic forces that create poverty and unemployment. Although the particular empirical focus is on Ontario, the approaches used and their outcomes resonate with strategies that are evident wherever neoliberalism has made its mark.     

Quality of Life for the Elder

Abstract

Data from the Parent Health Supplement of the 1991 interview wave of the Panel Studies of Income Dynamics were used to examine the changes in care arrangements for elderly parents (N = 1,028). Following the onset of their dependency, more than 60% of elderly parents experienced at least one form of institutionalization (hospital or nursing home). A majority of those who remained in the community also experienced changes in living/care arrangements, often moving in with someone or having someone move in with them. The findings confirm those of previous studies that health-related need factors and race are significant determinants of institutionalization immediately following the onset of dependency. But availability of caregivers and other enabling factors are also significant determinants of care settings used following hospitalization.     

缓解老龄化:适度放宽生育政策有效吗?

在中国人口老龄化形势进一步加剧的背景下,通过调整生育政策来提高生育率水平以减缓人口老龄化进程、降低人口老龄化水平成为公众的愿望。调整生育政策最大的可能是全面放开二胎。以2010年第六次人口普查数据为基础,分别设定总和生育率保持目前水平1.64、从2015年、2030年和2050年起调整至更替水平四条路径,对中国未来人口老龄化趋势进行模拟。结果表明,适度放宽生育政策可以显著降低本世纪中国人口老龄化水平、减轻老年抚养负担;而且越早调整生育政策对降低人口老龄化水平及老年抚养负担的作用越显著,应在生育率失去弹性之前对生育政策进行调整。     

扶养负担、禀赋效应对农户土地转出的影响——基于有调节中介效应模型的检验

基于山东、河南782份农户的微观调研数据,运用有调节的中介效应模型,探究扶养负担对农户土地转出的直接影响,并分析禀赋效应的中介效应及非农就业的调节作用,以此系统探析扶养负担对土地转出影响的作用机制和边界条件。研究结果表明,扶养负担对土地转出产生显著的负向影响;禀赋效应在扶养负担与土地转出之间存在中介作用;非农就业能够削弱扶养负担对禀赋效应的正向影响,从而有利于促进土地转出;从扶养负担结构看,老龄化负担对土地转出的抑制作用强于抚幼负担,禀赋效应的中介作用在抚幼负担与土地转出之间更明显,非农就业能显著缓解抚幼负担对禀赋效应的影响。据此,应进一步推进农村社会保障体系的改革和完善,并加大对农户本地非农就业的扶持力度,以帮助农户实现非农就业与照顾家庭的兼顾,从而更有效地降低土地劳动承载功能及就业保障不可替代性,缓解农户的土地禀赋效应并促使农户转出土地。     

英文摘要

The establishment of China＇s basic economic system provides theoretical confidence for the compatibility between socialism and market economy. However, the institutional change from planning system to market system lacks the support of Marxist theoretical confidence. This article holds that the ownership theory of Marxism on productive relations should not undertake this task. However, productive relations require the theoretical support. Since it researches on the exchange and cooperation relationship among people and their order, which are positively consistent with the research object of modem institutional economics. Thus, the creation of Marxist institutional economics, taking the theoretical support for productive relations as the example, can help build Marxist theoretical confidence for the institutional changes in China.     

Information dependency: Strong consistency of Darbellay–Vajda partition estimators

The Darbellay–Vajda partition scheme is a well known method to estimate the information dependency. This estimator belongs to a class of data-dependent partition estimators. We would like to prove that with some simple conditions, the Darbellay–Vajda partition estimator is a strong consistency for the information dependency estimation of a bivariate random vector. This result is an extension of 20 and 21 work which gives some simple conditions to confirm that the Gessaman's partition estimator and the tree-quantization partition estimator, other estimators in the class of data-dependent partition estimators, are strongly consistent.     

我国大学生网络依赖防治研究

我国大学生网络依赖防治研究仍处于起步、发展阶段,系统回顾与总结我国大学生网络依赖防治研究的进程,深入审视与反思其中亟待解决的问题,有助于我国高校更有效地解决大学生网络依赖问题。