Oligarchy for Social Choice Correspondences and Strategy-Proofness

We study the existence of a group of individuals which has some decisive power for social choice correspondences that satisfy a monotonicity property which we call modified monotonicity. And we examine the relation between modified monotonicity and strategy-proofness of social choice correspondences according to the definition by Duggan and Schwartz (2000). We will show mainly the following two results. (1) Modified monotonicity implies the existence of an oligarchy. An oligarchy is a group of individuals such that it has some decisive power (semi-decisiveness), and at least one of the most preferred alternatives of every its member is always chosen by any social choice correspondence. (2) Strategy-proofness of social choice correspondences is equivalent to modified monotonicity.     

隋唐时期选举用人制度述论

科举制度的确立和实施,在中国封建政治史上具有划时代的意义。这一制度在隋唐时期施行中的不完善,也是中国封建社会中在用人方面由贵族门阀制度向科举制度过渡时期的一种反映。到宋代以后,随着庶族地主经济的发展,科举制度也就更显成熟和完备。     

A reverse sunk cost effect in risky decision making: Sometimes we have too much invested to gamble

The sunk cost effect refers to the empirical finding that people tend to let their decisions be influenced by costs made at an earlier time in such a way that they are more risk seeking than they would be had they not made these costs. This finding seems to be in conflict with economic theory which implies that only incremental costs and benefits should affect decisions. The effect is often explained in terms of prospect theory of (Kahneman, D., Tversky, A., 1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47, 263–291), suggesting that sunk costs may induce a ‘loss frame,’ consequently causing risk seeking behavior. We argue that sunk costs may also result in risk aversion. In the present study we investigated the effect of time and effort investments (Behavioral Sunk Costs) on risky decision making in gain and loss situations. The results show that, in agreement with prospect theory, participants were more risk averse in gain situations than in loss situations. Moreover, incurring Behavioral Sunk Costs appeared to increase risk aversive choices, i.e., a reverse sunk cost effect. Furthermore, the results suggest that, in loss situations, Behavioral Sunk Costs mainly lead to risk aversive behavior if opting for the ‘safe’ alternative is not accompanied by an increased possibility to regret the decision.     

情感能量的理性化分析--试论柯林斯的"互动仪式市场模型"

以经济分析的方法研究一切人类行为尤其是非经济领域的行为,在社会科学界一直备受关注且争论颇多。柯林斯以社会学的视角借鉴了理性选择理论的分析框架,但做了重大的修正。他构建了颇具社会学意味的互动仪式市场模型与理性行为目标,试图以此解决利他行为、情感行为等非经济行为与理性人假设的结合, 以及不同价值之间的理性选择等问题。     

卖空压力对企业债券期限选择的影响——来自中国放松卖空管制准自然实验的证据

放松卖空管制后,投资者可通过挖掘公司“坏消息”在资本市场投资获利,在允许被卖空情境中,公司内部股东和管理层面临股价下行压力增大,会积极采取行动以规避被卖空的风险。借助中国证券市场2010年开始逐步放松卖空管制的准自然实验,以2007—2015年上市公司为样本,考察卖空压力对企业债券契约的影响。研究发现:放松卖空管制与企业债券期限显著负相关,特别是在大股东持股比例较高和管理层市场压力更大时。进一步分析发现,放松卖空管制与企业债务期限结构显著负相关,表明放松卖空管制会促使企业缩短发行债券的期限。研究结果显示,面对放松卖空管制引起的股价下行压力,公司大股东和管理层为了规避被卖空风险,会积极选择缩短发行债券期限以传递信号,证实了卖空机制对改善市场信息环境的积极作用。政府可以通过加强卖空机制制度建设和监管,推动企业调整行为决策,降低信息不对称。     

论社会选择的基础和机制

社会选择是一类基本的社会活动,是人们在互动过程中对他人或物的取舍或扬弃。本文试图从理论和实践两个方面探讨社会选择的基础与机制。认为社会选择是行动的目的性与非目的性的统一、是各种社会要素(力量)不断组合调整的社会过程。     

论我国产业结构优化的战略选择

产业结构失衡状况和低级状态一直是困扰我国经济增长的难题 ,解决办法只能是合理化和高级化同时并举。但发展中国家产业结构优化不可能跨越完成 ,须以先进代传统 ,渐进发展。渐进过程离不开合理的战略选择 ,实施重点产业发展战略和比较优势战略是促进我国产业结构优化的关键所在     

从顺应论角度看英语被动句的选择

在言语交际中英语被动句并非主动句的简单语法替换形式 ,而是有着特定的语篇、语用及修辞用途。我们在交际中使用句子的时候 ,除了注意句子的结构正确外 ,还要注意所选择的句子在特定上下文或语境中的适合性。文章根据顺应理论从语言的顺应性出发 ,从三个方面解释对被动句的选择 ,即对被动句的选择要顺应语境因素、语义因素和语言结构因素     

国有企业改革的制度选择及机制创新 --黑龙江省国有企业改革中的困惑及问题分析

以科斯为代表的产权学派通过对生产的制度结构分析得出一个核心论点产权明晰是企业绩效的关键或决定因素,产权明晰即产权法律归属上的明确界定和产权的有效率配置及产权结构上的优化配置.文章结合黑龙江省国企改革的现状及其模式选择,提出黑龙江省国有企业改革面临产权制度模式的重新选择、完善企业治理结构及管理创新等问题.     

从评价系统看政治演说语篇中词汇的选择

在评价系统理论的指导下 ,通过对介入子系统和情感子系统在政治语篇中作用的分析 ,清楚地看出演说者在传达信息时对词汇所做的精心选择。