North American surrogate reproductive mobilities incited by cross-border reproductive care

ABSTRACT

The transnational mobility of intended parents traveling abroad for reproductive technologies has been heavily accounted for and theorized. On the other hand, scholars have emphasized the immobility of surrogates in places like India, Nepal and Cambodia. In order to extend an examination of how reproductive travel informs mobility, this paper will turn a critical eye toward North American surrogates’ reproductive mobilities that are incited by their participation in cross-border reproductive care. Surrogates in the United States are strikingly different from the images presented of surrogates in India. In fact, when the North American surrogates cycle for international intended parents, in some aspects they become less and more mobile. This paper will focus on multiple types of reproductive mobilities that are involved in the global fertility industry when international intended parents travel to North America for assisted reproduction.     

Asymmetrical therapeutic mobilities: masculine advantage in nurse migration from India

ABSTRACT

This paper examines masculinity, migration and the changing occupational status of nursing through the lens of therapeutic mobilities; health related mobilities of people (nurses) and products (credentials). Indian men have become increasingly interested in nursing as a career, and this interest is strongly associated with the profession’s international motility—its mobility potential. The research reported in this paper traces the migration trajectory across time (2008–2016) and over space (India to Canada) and reveals an overrepresentation of male nurses in international migration contexts (Canada), compared to the Indian context. Male nurses also disproportionally benefit from these mobilities in terms of their occupational success post-migration. Mobilities can be therapeutic for the status of nursing in India, which rises in line with the degree of international motility the profession offers, but gendered distinctions in the outcomes of the migration process illustrate the importance of highlighting uneven mobilities. International mobilities are also deeply implicated in ongoing transformations occurring in the ‘moorings’ of nursing educational, employment and regulatory structures in India.     

Telling a modest story: accounts of men's upward mobility from the National Child Development Study

While the pattern of social mobility in postwar Britain has been extensively studied, revealing considerable upward mobility, much less is known about the subjective dimension to mobility. In this article, we employ a new sample of in-depth interviews with 50-year old men from the National Child Development Study to examine in detail the link between objective mobility patterns and the way the upwardly mobile narrate their life trajectories. In contrast to the mobility ideology suggested by the Oxford mobility survey of the early 1970s, in which the upwardly mobile recognized and internalized their success as a project of the self, we report how members of this later generation of men with highly successful careers prefer instead to articulate 'modest' life stories. By treating the career as a narrative device, we are able to show how the disavowal of the dominant, linear hierarchical career model by these men allows them to tell particular and distinctive stories which establish their individuality and personhood, while, paradoxically, recognizing the cultural power of the dominant model. In particular, we highlight the use of 'linear contingent' narratives by these men, in which specific events, especially those connected with occupational and geographical transitions, are deployed as contingent thresholds to mark out key shifts and passages in their lives. We then compare their accounts with those of immobile and downwardly men, who instead deploy 'ghostly' stories, preoccupied by the past, or defensive accounts, displaying unease with their failure to live up to the expectations of the linear career model. Having shown that men's accounts of mobility are suffused with an awareness of their need to establish their own individuality through repudiating the social trope of the instrumental careerist, we conclude that the links between career identities and objective mobility patterns are not straightforward and need careful unravelling.     

New Destinations? Assessing the Post‐migration Social Mobility of Minority Ethnic Groups in England and Wales

This paper considers the roles of migration and group‐specific ethnic penalties in minority groups’ life chances. In relation to existing knowledge of extensive diversity between ethnic groups, and outlining a range of frameworks within which to understand that diversity, the paper first explores the relationship of class origins to parental educational and economic assets for three groups of migrant parentage and a comparison white non‐migrant group. Second, the paper investigates for the different ethnic groups how the probability of having a professional or managerial class outcome is influenced by class origins and by the educational achievements of the “second generation”. Analysis is based on the ONS Longitudinal Study, which enables the study members to be tracked from 1971, when they were children living with their parents, to their own social class outcomes in 1991 and 2001. Because processes of occupational achievement may take different lengths of time for different groups, occupational outcomes are modelled in both 1991 and 2001, and also outcomes in 2001 conditional on position in 1991. The paper shows that there is evidence of differential processes operating for different ethnic groups that go beyond their class background, but which cannot be attributed to discrimination operating equally against all minority groups.     

北京市流动人口的空间流动和职业流动

本文利用2006年北京市流动人口家庭户调查数据进行综合分析,结果发现,流动人口空间流动和职业流动速度趋缓,居所和职业的稳定性在提高。政府部门可以根据这一规律,通过产业调整和布局引导人口流动,重构人口的空间分布。     

论人才流动法律体系的概念与构成要素

人才流动法律体系是指将我国有关人才流动的全部法律规范,按照一定的原则和标准组合而成的结构严密、形式统一的有机联系的整体。法律体系的构成要素是制定法。我国专门规范人才流动的法律位阶较低,规范的覆盖面和系统性、协调性差,规范的刚性不足,人才权利救济的成本较高。我国人才流动的法律体系需要进一步完善。     

流失与更替:工人、农民数量与结构变动分析

根据人口普查资料,1982—2000年中国工人、农民两个职业的变化情况说明,这两个职业中产生了巨大的社会流动。这种流动主要体现为(1)农村青年离开农村,改变农民的职业身份;(2)原来的工人大量流失;(3)农民与工人职业的变化体现出明显的空间差异;(4)工人、农民身份的变化与人口迁移流动紧密联系。目前的这种社会流动模式存在着比较大的隐患,如果对这种模式的缺陷认识不足,就可能产生一些不利于社会长期发展的因素。     

社会公正视角下的阶层流动模型分析

中国社会呈现多元结构的特点,阶层具有结构性、阶级具有层级性,而学界往往忽视对于阶层与阶级概念的区分。改革开放后,中国的阶层流动频繁、社会分化迅速,阶层发展呈现出多元的跨界流动模型。本文通过选取公正原则,结合阶层固化的三种主导因素,推导出现代社会的几种阶层流动模型,并进行比较分析。     

异构小蜂窝网络移动性管理研究综述

新一代移动通信网络不断演进为高密集、无定型、立体分层的异构网络,移动性管理旨在保证用户设备（user equipment,UE）移动通信服务的连续性和无缝切换及降低信令开销等。移动性管理问题正成为异构小蜂窝网络（heterogeneous and small cell networks,HetNets）中无线资源管理需要应对的关键性挑战之一。阐述了移动性管理的一般性问题,根据移动性管理的主要特征给出了一个综合分类：整体切换性能增强、小蜂窝发现与识别增强和无线链路失效（radio link failure,RLF）恢复增强。此外,依据此分类对近年来第三代合作伙伴计划（3rd genera-tion partnership project,3GPP）成员在无线接入网（radio access network,RAN）标准化工作组历次会议中提出的主要移动性管理增强方案进行了分类阐述和性能对比。对异构小蜂窝网络的移动性管理所面临的挑战和未来研究的趋势进行展望,并在此基础上进行了总结。     

Party on wheels: mobile party spaces in the Norwegian high school graduation celebration

Research on partying and nightlife often emphasizes commercial control while overlooking participants’ creativity and agency. Due to their age, appearance and transgressive partying, participants in the Norwegian high school graduation celebration have limited access to bars and pubs in the ordinary night‐time economy. To create alternative party spaces under their own control they utilize the spatial opportunities offered by automobility. Groups of students get together many years in advance and buy old buses which they refurbish to become rolling nightclubs that enable them to ‘transcend space’ through partying while on the move. These mobile party spaces provide a material and symbolic centre of communion and a tight space for physical assembly that enhances the production of intense positive emotions. In a cat‐and‐mouse game with the police, the buses provide a sense of nomadic autonomy, and enable participants to drink heavily for days on end. The study examines how youth may creatively zone their own party spaces within the context of automobility and how these mobile spaces again shape the partying that goes on within them. While this party practice opens up for autonomy, creativity and social transgressions reminiscent of liminal phases or carnivals, at a deeper level participants clearly reproduce class‐based differences and exaggerate conventional practices and symbols.