The complexity of school and neighbourhood effects and movements of pupils on school differences in models of educational achievement

Summary.  Traditional studies of school differences in educational achievement use multilevel modelling techniques to take into account the nesting of pupils within schools. However, educational data are known to have more complex non-hierarchical structures. The potential importance of such structures is apparent when considering the effect of pupil mobility during secondary schooling on educational achievement. Movements of pupils between schools suggest that we should model pupils as belonging to the series of schools that are attended and not just their final school. Since these school moves are strongly linked to residential moves, it is important to explore additionally whether achievement is also affected by the history of neighbourhoods that are lived in. Using the national pupil database, this paper combines multiple membership and cross-classified multilevel models to explore simultaneously the relationships between secondary school, primary school, neighbourhood and educational achievement. The results show a negative relationship between pupil mobility and achievement, the strength of which depends greatly on the nature and timing of these moves. Accounting for pupil mobility also reveals that schools and neighbourhoods are more important than shown by previous analysis. A strong primary school effect appears to last long after a child has left that phase of schooling. The additional effect of neighbourhoods, in contrast, is small. Crucially, the rank order of school effects across all types of pupil is sensitive to whether we account for the complexity of the multilevel data structure.     

从高等教育视角看农村社会流动的路径与秩序

再分配机制和市场机制都影响着农村社会流动的现实路径,高等教育在不同制度安排的影响下对农村人口流动愿望和流动能力产生不同的作用而形成不同秩序,导致不同的路径依赖,而农村社会流动的不同路径和秩序影响人们对教育价值的选择和认同.     

Removing the anonymity axiom in assessing pro-poor growth

The recent focus on ‘pro-poor growth’ led also to an intense debate on how exactly to define and to measure pro-poor growth. All suggested measures have in common that they are based on the anonymity axiom. Such a perspective may provide a very incomplete picture given that the common objective of most studies investigating the pro-poorness of growth is to test whether specific policy reforms where beneficial to the initially poor or not. I suggest a new concept of pro-poor growth which removes the anonymity axiom, and, using an illustration based on data from Indonesia and Peru, I check whether the assessment of pro-poor growth is different when an anonymous and a non anonymous approach to pro-poor growth is used. I also suggest an original decomposition of poverty changes over time which links both concepts. The results show that the choice of the approach has a drastic impact on the interpretation of the data.     

Are Baby Boomers Richer Than Their Parents? Intergenerational Patterns of Wealth Ownership in the United States

This study compares wealth ownership and mobility patterns among baby boomers and their parents to explore whether the baby boomers have fared as well during their working years and whether they will be as secure in retirement as their parents. Cohort comparisons using survey data indicate that baby boomers had accumulated more wealth as young adults than their parents had at a similar age. Estimates from a simulation model reveal that baby boomers had more wealth than their actual same‐sex parents at every stage of the life course. The simulation model also reveals that baby boomers were considerably more likely than their actual same‐sex parents to experience upward wealth mobility at each point in the life course. These results suggest that speculations that baby boomers may be the first generation to do worse than their parents are misleading.     

近十年中国近代乡村社会流动研究综述

近十年,中国近代乡村社会流动研究从社会结构、社会变迁、城市化近代化的视角深入探索,取得了重大成果,但也存在有待发展的方面,如研究中的不平衡、缺乏总体上的宏观研究、与社会发展各方面的关系的研究有待深入等等.乡村社会流动的内容和范围极其广阔,拓展空间甚大.深入研究和总结中国近代乡村急剧的社会变动,必定会将中国近代社会史的研究推向更高的层次.     

Why do tenants leave social housing? Exploring residential and social mobility at the lowest rungs of Australia's socioeconomic ladder

Historically, social housing in Australia operated as a springboard for social mobility. For many working families, public housing tenancy was an opportunity to save for a house purchase deposit. Latterly, tenant exits from public to private housing have declined to very low levels. This has raised concerns about systemic barriers to residential and social mobility for social renters, and about the consequent longer waiting times for applicants in need of social housing. Drawing on administrative data collected by social housing providers in NSW and Victoria, and in‐depth interviews with 95 former and current social housing tenants in both states, this paper examines tenant attitudes, intentions and motivations as regards future house‐moves. We argue that the primary disincentives to exit relate to affordability and security of tenure in private rental, rather than factors related to the social housing system itself.     

An Equilibrium Model of Health Insurance Provision and Wage Determination

We investigate the effect of employer‐provided health insurance on job mobility rates and economic welfare using a search, matching, and bargaining framework. In our model, health insurance coverage decisions are made in a cooperative manner that recognizes the productivity effects of health insurance as well as its nonpecuniary value to the employee. The resulting equilibrium is one in which not all employment matches are covered by health insurance, wages at jobs providing health insurance are larger (in a stochastic sense) than those at jobs without health insurance, and workers at jobs with health insurance are less likely to leave those jobs, even after conditioning on the wage rate. We estimate the model using the 1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, and find that the employer‐provided health insurance system does not lead to any serious inefficiencies in mobility decisions.     

城乡劳动力流动模式的影响因素分析—— 基于杭州市外来务工人员的调查

近年来困扰中国经济发展的"民工荒"现象,一方面表明了过去对劳动力供给总量和结构在认识上的不全面,为"劳动力无限供给论"敲了警钟;另一方面也揭示了城乡劳动力市场分割,劳动要素无法自由流动和有效配置的现状.劳动市场的分割,使得劳动者无法形成稳定的制度预期,缺乏加强自身劳动技能、完善人力资本积累的意愿,并采取"候鸟式"的流动就业模式;同时,企业在面对具有"高度流动性"的就业人群时,同样缺乏投入资源实现产业结构调整或升级的动力和可能性.两者合力,造成依靠低成本、低技能劳动力发展起来的劳动密集型企业过度发展、过度竞争,强烈的劳动力需求和有限的劳动工资提升空间这一对矛盾由此而生.文章从对城乡劳动力流动模式的影响因素分析出发,利用对杭州市农民工永久性迁移意愿调查数据,探讨这些因素在构成劳动迁移成本、造成城乡劳动力市场分割上的不同作用程度.以期为能从制度安排上实现党的十七届三中全会确定的城乡劳动力市场一体化,促进城乡劳动力永久性迁移提供参考借鉴.     

中国农村女性职业流动过程中的不和谐因素分析

农村女性的职业流动与中国的城市化进程是一致的,农村女性获得了职业流动的机会,但在她们的职业流动过程中,存在着职业的性别隔离、收入低于男性、就业风险大等不和谐因素。劳动力市场对农村劳动力,尤其是文化水平不高的劳动力以及对农村女性的排斥是农村女性劳动力流动中不和谐现象形成的主要原因。这种不和谐因素的存在,需要政府、社会以及农村女性等多种合力的共同作用来解决。